出版社：Institute of Landscape Ecology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences
摘要：For evaluation of non-market ecosystem services, a number of imputation methods have been developed, revealing the preferences held by human individuals. These demand curve approaches suffer from one substantial defect, they are made by consumers who undervalue these hidden and unknown services. The paper describes two expert methods of systemic monetary valuation of these “indirect” life-supporting services. Biotope Valuation Method (BVM) ascribes point values to individual biotope types according to their specific importance as specific sites for specific living species. One point is valued by average societal costs that society has to pay to achieve one point increase. Energy-Water-Vegetation based method (EWV) estimates the benefits that ecosystems deliver to society through synergy of solar energy flows, water cycles and vegetation. Valued by replacement cost method, this synergic services of natural ecosystems annually sky toward 200 € . m–2. While Costanza’s team estimated the world ecosystem services as almost double of annual world GDP through demand curve approaches, our EWV replacement cost approach shows the annual national ecosystem services 50 times higher than the annual national GDP.
