摘要：Abstract The high-temperature stability of thermal emitters is one of the critical properties of thermophotovoltaic (TPV) systems to obtain high radiative power and conversion efficiencies. W and HfO 2 are ideal due to their high melting points and low vapor pressures. At high temperatures and given vacuum conditions, W is prone to oxidation resulting in instantaneous sublimation of volatile W oxides. Herein, we present a detailed in-situ XRD analysis of the morphological changes of a 3-layer-system: HfO 2 /W/HfO 2 layers, in a high-temperature environment, up to 1520 °C. These samples were annealed between 300 °C and 1520 °C for 6 h, 20 h, and 40 h at a vacuum pressure below 3 × 10 –6 mbar using an in-situ high-temperature X-ray diffractometer, which allows investigation of crucial alterations in HfO 2 and W layers. HfO 2 exhibits polymorphic behavior, phase transformations and anisotropy of thermal expansion leads to formation of voids above 800 °C. These voids serve as transport channels for the residual O 2 present in the annealing chamber to access W, react with it and form volatile tungsten oxides. An activation energy of 1.2 eV is calculated. This study clarifies the limits for the operation of W-HfO 2 spectrally selective emitters for TPV in high-temperature applications.
其他摘要：Abstract The high-temperature stability of thermal emitters is one of the critical properties of thermophotovoltaic (TPV) systems to obtain high radiative power and conversion efficiencies. W and HfO 2 are ideal due to their high melting points and low vapor pressures. At high temperatures and given vacuum conditions, W is prone to oxidation resulting in instantaneous sublimation of volatile W oxides. Herein, we present a detailed in-situ XRD analysis of the morphological changes of a 3-layer-system: HfO 2 /W/HfO 2 layers, in a high-temperature environment, up to 1520 °C. These samples were annealed between 300 °C and 1520 °C for 6 h, 20 h, and 40 h at a vacuum pressure below 3 × 10 –6 mbar using an in-situ high-temperature X-ray diffractometer, which allows investigation of crucial alterations in HfO 2 and W layers. HfO 2 exhibits polymorphic behavior, phase transformations and anisotropy of thermal expansion leads to formation of voids above 800 °C. These voids serve as transport channels for the residual O 2 present in the annealing chamber to access W, react with it and form volatile tungsten oxides. An activation energy of 1.2 eV is calculated. This study clarifies the limits for the operation of W-HfO 2 spectrally selective emitters for TPV in high-temperature applications.
