摘要：We identify that consignments rejected by the European Union, due to the presence of unauthorized Genetically Modified food, have been diverted to third countries, creating trade deflections. We rely on a gravity model to examine the effects on food products. Our results show that the rejection of shipments by the EU has a side-effect on the global trade flows in the form of trade deflection, which can overcome losses related to A.A. The deflection occurs largely for products whose major importers have already approved most of the GM events rejected by the EU and with very concentrated export market. We also found that exporting countries with higher border rejections tend to increase their trade deflections, providing a deeper understanding of the effects of A.A on global trade flows.
关键词：border rejections ; GM food ; trade deflection ; European Union ; third market
