标题：Physiological and physical effect on U-12 and U-15 football players, with the manipulation of task constraints: field size and goalkeeper in small-sided games of 4x4 players. [Efecto fisiológico y físico en los jugadores de fútbol Sub-12 y Sub-15, con la manipulación de las restricciones de tareas: tamaño de campo y portero en juegos reducidos de jugadores 4x4].
期刊名称：RICYDE. Revista Internacional de Ciencias del Deporte. doi:10.5232/ricyde
印刷版ISSN：1885-3137
出版年度：2020
卷号：17
期号：63
页码：13-24
DOI：10.5232/ricyde2021.06302
出版社：Ramón Cantó Alcaraz (Publisher)
摘要：Our study aimed to verify whether the task constraints manipulation has different effects according to age group. Another objective was to verify the physiological and physical responses in the different formats of small-sided games (SSG). Each team in the SSGs was composed of 4 players (4x4). The participants in the research were young football players U-12 (n=8) and U-15 (n=8), affiliated with a club certified as a training entity, and competing, respectively, in the 7 and 9-a-side regional football championships and the national championship of Portugal. The internal and external load data was collected in 5 formats of SSGs with three field sizes and in 2 used goalkeepers. We used the WIMU PROTM inertial device for data collection. The registration of the internal charge, using heart rate (HR), was performed with the use by the players of Garmin bands, which send the data to WIMU PROTM devices, through of Ant technology. The variance analysis (ANOVA) was used to verify the differences between SSGs and the effect size was determined by calculating partial eta-square . Comparisons between the two age groups were evaluated using standardized differences with combined variance(Cohen’s d). The results show that the manipulation of the playing areas and the use of goalkeepers participation promoted different effects in the two age groups in terms of distance, explosive distance, accelerations/decelerations and maximum sprint. As for the comparison between SSGs we found differences in the level of external load (distance, accelerations/ decelerations and maximum sprint). At the level of internal load, the effects were more evident with field areas above 100m2. We can conclude that the task constraints manipulation, playing area and goalkeeper participation, promote different physical and physiological responses, and the coach should consider this fact, as well as the effects promoted in the age groups.
其他摘要：Our study aimed to verify whether the manipulation of task constraints has different effects according to age group. Another objective was to verify the physiological and physical responses in the different formats of small-sided games (SSG). Each team in the SSGs was composed of 4 players (4x4). The participants in the research are young football players U-12 ( n =8) and U-15 ( n =8), affiliated with a club certified as a training entity, and competed in the regional football championship of 7 and 9 players and the national championship of Portugal, respectively. The internal and external load data were collected in 5 formats of SSGs with three field size and in 2 used goalkeepers. We used the WIMU PRO TM inertial device for data collection. The registration of the internal charge, using heart rate (HR), was performed with the use by the players of Garmin bands, which send the data to WIMU PRO TM devices, through of Ant technology. The variance analysis (ANOVA) was used to verify the differences between SSGs and the effect size was determined by calculating partial eta-square). Comparisons between the two age groups were evaluated using standardized differences with combined variance (Cohen’s d ). The results show that the manipulation of the playing areas and the use of goalkeepers promoted different effects in the two age groups in terms of distance, explosive distance, accelerations/decelerations and maximum sprint. As for the comparison between SSGs we found differences in the level of external load (distance, accelerations/decelerations and maximum sprint). At the level of internal load, the effects were more evident with field areas above 100m 2 . We can conclude that the manipulation of the task conditions, playing area and goalkeeper, promote different physical and physiological responses, and the coach should consider this fact, as well as the effects promoted in the age groups.
其他关键词：Small-sided games;task constraints;external and internal load;youth;juegos reducidos y acondicionados;restricciones de tareas;control de carga externa;control de carga interna;fútbol juvenil.
