摘要：Background: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), organophosphate esters (OPEs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are hormone-disrupting chemicals that migrate from building materials into air and dust. Objectives: We aimed to quantify the hormonal activities of 46 dust samples and identify chemicals driving the observed activities. Methods: We evaluated associations between hormonal activities of extracted dust in five cell-based luciferase reporter assays and dust concentrations of 42 measured PFAS, OPEs, and PBDEs, transformed as either raw or potency-weighted concentrations based on Tox21 high-throughput screening data. Results: All dust samples were hormonally active, showing antagonistic activity toward peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ( PPAR γ 2 ) (100%; 46 of 46 samples), thyroid hormone receptor ( TR β ) (89%; 41 samples), and androgen receptor (AR) (87%; 40 samples); agonist activity on estrogen receptor ( ER α ) (96%; 44 samples); and binding competition with thyroxine ( T 4 ) on serum transporter transthyretin (TTR) (98%; 45 samples). Effects were observed with as little as 4 μ g of extracted dust. In regression models for each chemical class, interquartile range increases in potency-weighted or unknown-potency chemical concentrations were associated with higher hormonal activities of dust extracts (potency-weighted: Σ PFAS – TR β , ↑ 28 % , p < 0.05 ; Σ OPEs – TR β , ↑ 27 % , p = 0.08 ; Σ PBDEs – TR β , ↑ 20 % , p < 0.05 ; Σ PBDEs – ER α , ↑ 7.7 % , p = 0.08 ; unknown-potency: Σ OPEs – TTR , ↑ 34 % , p < 0.05 ; Σ OPEs – AR , ↑ 13 % , p = 0.06 ), adjusted for chemicals with active, inactive, and unknown Tox21 designations. Discussion: All indoor dust samples exhibited hormonal activities, which were associated with PFAS, PBDE, and OPE levels. Reporter gene cell-based assays are relatively inexpensive, health-relevant evaluations of toxic loads of chemical mixtures that building occupants are exposed to.
