摘要：Managers of wildlife are faced with decisions and issues that are increasingly complex, spanning natural and human dimensions (i.e. values, preferences, attitudes). A strong evidence base that includes multiple forms and sources of knowledge is needed to support these complex decisions. However, a growing body of literature demonstrates that environmental managers are far more likely to draw on intuition, past experience or opinion to inform important decisions rather than empirical evidence. We set out to assess how decision-makers and other potential knowledge users (a) perceive, evaluate and use western-based scientific, Indigenous and local knowledge and (b) the extent to which social, political and economic considerations challenge the integration of different forms of evidence into decision-making. In 2018, we interviewed members from natural resource management branches of Indigenous governments ( n = 4) and parliamentary governments ( n = 33), as well as representatives from nongovernmental stakeholder groups ( n = 28) involved in wildlife management and conservation in the Canadian province of British Columbia. Contrary to studies that suggest evidence-based conservation and management are rare, respondents described relying heavily on multiple forms of knowledge. Results revealed that western science is used near-unanimously, procured from internal (i.e. institutional) sources slightly more than external ones (i.e. peer-reviewed journals, management agencies in other jurisdictions). However, we found Indigenous and local knowledge use to be much less than western scientific knowledge (approximately half as much) despite being highly valued. Perceived challenges to applying Indigenous and local knowledge include a lack of trust, hesitancy to share knowledge (particularly from Indigenous communities), difficulties in assessing reliability and difficulties discerning knowledge from advocacy. Despite high (and relatively diverse) evidence use, more than 40% of respondents perceived a diminishing role for evidence in final decisions concerning wildlife management and conservation. They associated this with decreases in institutional resources and capacity and increases in socio-economic and political interference. We encourage transformative change in wildlife management enabling decision-makers to draw upon multiple forms of knowledge. This transformative change should include direct involvement of knowledge holders, co-assessment of knowledge and transparency in how (multiple forms of) evidence contribute to decision-making. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
关键词：co-assessment;evidence complacency;evidence-based conservation;fish and wildlife management;Indigenous and local knowledge;knowledge-action gap;knowledge exchange;natural resource management
