摘要：The balance sheet should present the fnancial position of the company truthfully and objectively. Te presentation of the balance sheet requires the use of the best possible estimates and reasonable assumptions that are refl ected in the value of the balance sheet items. Estimates are based on historical and other available information at date of the balance sheet. Each estimate carries a risk with an outcome in materially signifcant adjustments to the present value of assets, liabilities, incomes and expenses in the next fnancial year. In the absence of a precise method of measurement, an assessment of the fnancial statement items is made. Te use of adequate estimates does not compromise the reliability of the balance sheet. However, due to the uncertainty of business activities and a certain distinctiveness in the understanding of accounting and economic value, balance sheet items may take different values. Tere are numerous examples of misuse of creative accounting in accounting practice, and when implemented untrue and biased information is published. Te motives for such actions are different, ranging from the need of avoiding paying taxes, more proftable business sales, gaining better creditors position and creditors, to the realization of bonuses and management privileges. In addition to management, competent external experts are hired for appraisal work, whose work does not always have to be reliable because an alternative appraiser can be selected or manipulative data can be provided as a basis for assessment. Te aim of this paper is to point out the balance sheet items that carry the greatest risks of objective reporting, and to assess the validity of the applied concept (basis) for measurement. Te paper also points to possible ways of manipulating the balance sheet: if you want to show a fnancial result lower than the real one, then the value of assets is shown lower than it really is, and income statement expenses increase, while the situation is reversed if the company wants to show better fnancial results of the existing ones: then the estimated value of the assets in the balance sheet increases, and the value of the expenses in the income statement decreases. Te paper starts from the basic hypothesis that the value assets assessment affects the presentation of the fnancial position of the company. An important item in the estimates is the assessment of the useful life of fxed assets. Tese estimates are reviewed annually and changed in accordance with the expected changes and the dynamics of spending the future economic benefts of fxed assets. Te hypothesis proof was performed on the example of the analysis of the property position of a large service company for the period from 2004 to 2019. Te results indicate that estimates can signifcantly correct the fnancial position of the company, and that the analysis of the company should focus on positions that are subject to assessments and that can signifcantly change the value of the company, instead of cash and liquidity positions that are considered priority in most analysis.
其他摘要：Bilans stanja treba istinito i objektivno da prezentuje fi nansijsku poziciju preduzeća, što zahtijeva vjerno prikazivanje efekata poslovnih događaja. Regulatorni okvir za računovodstvo i međunarodni računovodstveni standardi daju osnovne i alternativne metode za vrednovanje bilansnih pozicija, u granicama kreativnog računovodstva, tj. računovodstva koje pruža mogućnost izbora metode vrednovanja prema prirodi poslovanja u cilju istinitog i "fer“ prikaza bilansnih pozicija. U odsustvu preciznog načina za mjerenje vrši se procjena stavki ovog fi nansijskog izvještaja. Korištenje adekvatnih procjena ne ugrožava pouzdanost bilansa stanja. Međutim, zbog neizvjesnosti poslovnih aktivnosti i određene distinktivnosti u poimanju računovodstvene i ekonomske vrijednosti, bilansne pozicije mogu poprimiti različite vrijednosti. Subjektivnosti u procjeni mogu biti utemeljene i na stavu menadžmenta o relevantnosti pojedinog rizika poslovanja i intenzitetu njegovog uticaja na pojedine bilansne pozicije. Rad ukazuje i na moguće načine manipulacije kroz bilans stanja: ukoliko se želi prikazati fi nansijski rezultat niži od stvarnog, tada se vrijednost imovine prikazuje nižom nego što stvarno jeste, a povećavaju rashodi iz bilansa uspjeha, dok je obrnuta situacija ukoliko preduzeće želi prikazati bolje fi nansijske rezultate od postojećih: tada se povećava procijenjena vrijednost imovine u bilansu stanja, a smanjuje vrijednost rashoda u bilansu uspjeha. U radu se pošlo od osnovne hipoteze da procjena vrijednosti imovine utiče na prezentaciju fi nansijskog položaja preduzeća. Dokazivanje hipoteze je vršeno na primjeru analize imovinskog položaja velike uslužne kompanije za period od 2004. do 2019. godine. Rezultati ukazuju da procjene mogu u značajnoj mjeri korigovati fi nansijski položaj preduzeća, te da u analizi preduzeća fokus treba staviti na pozicije koje podliježu procjenama i koje mogu u značajnijoj mjeri promijeniti vrijednost preduzeća, umjesto pozicija gotovine i likvidnosti koje se smatraju prioritetnim u većini analiza.
关键词：balance sheet;assessment of balance sheet items;balance sheet analysis;fair presentation
