Ford - President Gerald R. Ford - African Americans in the Executive Branch; Black Memoirs of the White House; Special Issue: The Untold Story of Blacks in the White House

Nothing adequately prepares you for the call from the president of the United States asking you to serve as his top adviser on matters affecting minorities and as their advocate within his administration. Nothing, not even earlier White House service.

When President Gerald Ford called me in early November 1975, there was no time to map strategy or study the roles played by my immediate predecessors, Robert J. Brown and Stanley S. Scott, the first two "commissioned" black special assistants to the president in the history of the United States.

I barely had time to remind myself that as White House director of media relations, I was experienced in handling the heat surrounding the president. A year earlier I had fielded questions for an hour after addressing the Radio, Television, News Directors Association at their annual convention. It was September 1974--and only a few days earlier, the new president had pardoned his predecessor, Richard M. Nixon. For an hour I was asked a single question again and again: Why did President Ford pardon Nixon? Only once before in my life had I heard a single question asked in so many different ways, and that was when I drove over my mother's favorite plant while learning to drive.

Now it was a year later, and I suddenly held two White House positions: special assistant to the president and director of media relations. The long days ran into long weeks and they, in turn, ran together. Making government work for all the people took a great deal of time and effort, but the long hours held great rewards.

During a visit to Tuskegee, Ala., Mayor Johnny Ford took me on a tour of his city, pointing out the various completed projects that had been aided by my office. Driving past a modern housing unit and seeing an elderly black woman sitting on the porch of her home--probably the best housing she ever knew in her life--was an unalloyed joy.

Being an advocate meant doing battle daily. At the Defense Department, for example, this meant opening more and higher positions to qualified minorities and women, and rapid response to grievances. When President Ford took office, there had never been a black four-star general in this nation's history. But General Daniel L. "Chappie" james, a decorated combat pilot with 179 missions in two of America's wars, soon became the first four-star African-American general--and then was named commanding general of the North American Air Defense Command, a critical component of the nation's security. The door to the top had been opened, though I never foresaw how soon Colin Powell would walk through it!

Pushing for the presence of minorities in meaningful positions throughout the executive branch was a primary concern. At the White House we were fortunate in having some of the most talented African Americans in positions of great influence. Thaddeus Garrett, a veteran of Capitol Hill, served as domestic affairs advisor to Vice President Nelson Rockefeller. Richard Parsons, a brilliant young attorney, served as deputy counsel to the vice president and as associate counsel to the Domestic Council. (Parsons went on to become chairman and CEO of Dime Bancorp of New York and, as of February 1995, president of Time Warner.) Aaron Spaulding served as associate director of presidential personnel. Weldon Latham served as associate counsel for the Office of Management and Budget.

My other pet concerns included renewal of the Voting Rights Act, which expired in 1975, and strengthening traditionally black colleges. The former was a struggle on Capitol Hill, but we won; with the latter, I was able to establish the National Advisory Committee on Black Higher Education and Black Colleges and Universities, which brought together leaders of business, government and the colleges themselves to p.oduce a 25-year plan to improve the colleges' status, funding and research capabilities.

Critical to all these efforts was outreach: monthly luncheon meetings with African Americans working on the Capitol Hill staffs of senators and congressmen; meetings with the constituents of African-American members of Congress; calls to opinion leaders and decision makers from major civic, religious, fraternal and professional groups (Roy Wilkins, Ron Brown, Clarence Mitchell, Vernon Jordan, Coretta Scott King, "Daddy" King, Dr. Benjamin E. Mays, Ethel Payne and Ophelia DeVore, for instance); and regular conversations with minority members of the media.

Critical also was President Ford, who had long benefited from personal access to black Americans. As long ago as the early 1930s he had, in a manner highly unusual for the day, roomed at college with an African American. Later, in the U.S. House of Representatives, he had supported civil rights legislation related to housing, busing, school desegregation and voting rights, in the process forging particularly close relations with Roy Wilkins.

As president, Ford not only insisted that cabinet officers consult with me on matters that had a bearing on minorities, he also made himself readily accessible to me. Even on short notice, he would attend or drop in on meetings I was conducting at the White House. (To outsiders, this may seem a small matter, but as a member of the White House executive staff there is no higher currency of the realm than access to the president.) President Ford's presence signaled that minority concerns were not a pro forma matter in his White House; my colleagues got the same message when the president placed me on his short list of candidates for the position of Secretary of the Interior.

With President Ford's backing, much was accomplished. When he left office in 1977, the total outlay for civil rights activities had risen from $900 million in 1969 to $3.9 billion, while outlays for civil rights enforcement had grown from $75 million to $430 million; the Small Business Administration provided more than $465 million in loans and loan guarantees to about 8,600 minority businesses, up from $104 million; and we had more than tripled funding for black colleges, from $30 million to $110 million.

I know all of this--but what I remember is the lady on the porch in Tuskegee. That's what I took away from my White House service; that's why I'll always cherish the opportunity extended to me by Gerald Ford. John Calhoun is chairman of the board of the Aiken-Calboun Group.

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