Recent Work in Critical Theory - Bibliography

William Baker

This alphabetically arranged bibliography annotates recently published books and is based primarily on materials coming into the Northern Illinois University libraries between August 1999 and August 2000. Inclusion here does not entail exclusion from a subsequent Style bibliography or review. Our remarks will simply convey the basic content of each item as objectively as possible. The publication dates for most of the items are 1999 and 2000, although some monographs have earlier imprints.

As noted in previous surveys of "Recent Work in Critical Theory," it has been difficult to arrange systematically in subject categories the wealth of recent material in the field of critical theory; some placement is ineluctably arbitrary. While only too aware of the limitations of categories, we have adopted the following rubrics: 1. General; 2. Semiotics, Narratology, Rhetoric, and Language Systems; 3. Postmodernism and Deconstruction; 4. Reader-Response and Phenomenological Criticism; 5. Feminist and Gender Studies; 6. Psychoanalytic Criticism; 7. Cultural and Historical Criticism.

(1) General

Berry, Edward. The Making of Sir Philip Sidney. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1998.

Berry's study examines how Sidney "made" or created himself as a poet by "making" representations of himself in the roles of some of his literary creations. Combining biography, social history, and literary criticism, Berry paints a balanced portrait of the poet's life and work. Berry traces how Sidney created himself as a poet by "making" representations of himself in the roles of his literary creations.

Blain, Virginia. Caroline Bowles Southey, 1786-1854: The Making of a Woman Writer. Brookfield: Ashgate, 1998.

Blain's study explores the reasons why Caroline Bowles Southey's works should be further recognized and examined. Blain argues that Caroline Bowles's marriage to Robert Southey overshadows her own achievements, and in fact withholds her from the annals of influential women writers on the verge of the Victorian era. Blain's volume offers a general selection of Southey's works, as well as a bio-critical account of her life.

Bongie, Chris. Island and Exiles: The Creole Identities of Post/colonial Literature. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1998.

Bongie's volume traces the historical and theoretical aspects of the "creolization" process and its significance for both colonial and postcolonial literatures. Through readings of such authors as Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, Victor Hugo, Edouard Glissant, and Daniel Maximin, Bongie explores the ways in which colonial writers have presented the process of cultural mixing. In addition, Bongie maps out the differences between colonial and postcolonial literatures, and also their connections.

Brooke, Christopher. Jane Austen: Illusion and Reality. Rochester: Boydell and Brewer, 1999.

Through close readings of Austen's major novels, Brooke explores themes such as church and clergy, rank and status, and marriage, and links these themes to their social and historical setting. In addition, Brooke comments on how the worlds presented in Austen's novels coincided with the world in which the writer lived. Brooke utilizes several sources, including Austen's letters, in order to offer these fresh and intriguing insights.

Carrier, David. The Aesthetics of Comics. University Park: Penn State UP, 2000.

Carrier comments on the nature of comic strips and their two central features: that comics are visual narratives, utilizing both pictures and text; and that they use word balloons to signify the thought and speech of characters. Drawing upon American, European, and Japanese comic strips, Carrier explores the relationship between this artistic genre and other forms of art. Carrier locates the origins of speech and thought balloons in early Renaissance art, and posits that comic strips are neither wholly visual nor textual, but an entirely new form of expression.

Cesarani, David. Arthur Koestler: The Homeless Mind. New York: Free, 1999.

Cesarani creates a portrait of Koestler that brings together his public and private lives, comparing the work of genius to the backdrop of his tormented soul and personal life. Cesarani's findings induced the removal of Koestler's bust at the University of Edinburg. Cesarani traces Koestler's search for meaning, idcntity, and belonging in the ideological torrents of Zionism, Communism, anti-Communism and both hard scientific and esoteric mystical pursuits.

Crowley, John W. The Dean of American Letters: The Late Career of William Dean Howells. Amherst: U of Massachusetts P, 1999.

Crowley locates Howells's later life and work within a personal and public context. Crowley also charts the development of Howells's "Deanship" and its calamitous effects on his reputation. In addition, Crowley's volume explores how Howells's work began to target audiences, search for marketable ideas, and fall to the influence of commercial competition.

Fuller, David, and Patricia Waugh. The Arts and Sciences of Criticism. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1999.

Fuller and Waugh's volume examines the developments in criticism and the different modes of knowledge that run throughout literature. Fuller and Waugh explore contributions from both within and outside the literary academy, including essays by novelists Doris Lessing and David Lodge. In addition, Fuller and Waugh investigate the consequences for literary criticism of the politically driven critique.

Garrett, Martin. A Browning Chronology: Elizabeth Barrett and Robert Browning. New York: St. Martin's, 2000.

Garrett's chronology directs readers through various aspects of the Brownings' lives: their youth, early backgrounds and careers and growing interest in each other's work to 1845; courtship, marriage, Italy, and work including Aurora Leigh and Men and Women (1845-61); and Browning's later life up to his death in Venice in 1889. In addition, Garrett provides commentary on the Brownings' readings in English, French, and classical literature, their mutual friendships, and their opposing political views.

Giannone, Richard. Flannery O'Connor: Hermit Novelist. Chicago: U of Illinois P, 2000.

Giannone's volume examines O'Connor's identification with the fourth-century Christians who fled to the desert for spiritual reasons. Giannone shows how O'Connor's characters live in extreme discipline to battle their demons and come closer to God. In addition, Giannone reveals how O'Connor's dealings with the desert bring self-denial and self-scrutiny that reflect the urgency of modern American life.

Gibson, Jeremy, and Julian Wolfreys. Peter Ackroyd: The Ludic and Labyrinthine Text. New York: St. Martin's, 2000.

Gibson and Wolfreys engage the reader with the first major critical study in English of one of Britain's most inventive, playful, and significant writers of the twentieth century. In addition, Gibson and Wolfreys examine questions of literary stylistics, pastiche and parody, humor and camp sensibility, memory and temporality, personal and national identity, and the importance of London to Ackroyd's writing. Gibson and Wolfreys furnish a thought-provoking consideration of all his writings to date, from his poetry and critical thought to his novels and biographies, including Milton in America and The Life of Thomas More.

Graham, Wendy. Henry James's Thwarted Love. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1999.

Graham's study argues that James's work was more astute about sexual identities and concentrated more on sexual pleasures than acknowledged by previous biographers and critics. Graham examines James's fascination with the concept of sexual "inversion," his acquaintance with the tropes and traffic of the late-Victorian sexual underground, and his struggle with the cultural codes of his society. In addition, Graham also studies the family dynamics that affected James's gender and professional identity conflicts.

Gregory, Gill. The Life and Work of Adelaide Procter: Poetry, Feminism, and Fathers. Brookfield: Ashgate, 1998.

Gregory's volume traces the life of Adelaide Proctor and the literary circles in which she was involved. In addition, Gregory comments on the relationship between her and her father, poet Bryan Proctor, her editor Charles Dickens, and her friend W. M. Thackeray. Gregory explores Proctor's search and struggle throughout her career to discover her own voice amongst some of the greatest literary "fathers."

Hamilton, Ian. A Gift Imprisoned: The Poetic Life of Matthew Arnold. New York: Basic, 1999.

Hamilton comments on Matthew Arnold's youth and his deep infatuation with lyric poetry during his "damned times." Hamilton's volume traces Arnold's resistance to his poetic calling and his turn to primarily prose writings after the age of forty. Hamilton explores the factors that led Arnold to ignore his passion and settle for inspecting elementary schools for three decades.

Hammond, J. R. An H. G. Wells Chronology. New York: St. Martin's, 1999.

Hammond chronology offers a quick reference for the student, scholar, or general reader. Hammond provides a complete index of persons, places, and works referred to in Wells's corpus. In addition to furnishing an accurate timeline of Wells's life, Hammond explores the writer's background, life, and times.

Herzog, Anne F., and Janet E. Kaufman, eds. "How Shall We Tell Each Other of the Poet?": The Life and Writing of Muriel Rukeyser. New York: St. Martin's, 1999.

Selections include Alicia Suskin Ostriker's "Forward"; Jane Cooper's "'And Everything a witness of the Buried Life"'; Cooper's "The Calling" (poem); Meg Schoerke's "'Forever Broken and Made': Muriel Rukeyser's Theory of Form"; Herzog's "'Anything Away from Anything': Muriel Rukeyser's Relational Poetics"; Kaufman's "'But not the study': Writing as a Jew"; Adrienne Rich's "Beginners"; Richard Howard's "A Sybil of 1979" (poem); Elaine Edelman's "'Were we all brave, but at different times?': A Student Remembers Muriel Rukeyser"; Chris Llewellyn's "Summoning the Shade: Poetry as Vocation, Avocation, and Evocation"; Michael True's "The Authentic Voice: On Rukeyser' s 'Poem"'; John Bradley's "The Uses of Poetry" (poem); Reginald Gibbons's "Fullness, Not War: On Muriel Rukeyser"; Aaron Kramer's "Elegy for Muriel Rukeyser" (poem); Christopher Cokinos's "Rereading Muriel Rukeyser's 'The Speed of Darkness' After Tracking Votes on Amendments to the Interior Appropriations Bill" (poem); Sharon Olds's "Solitary" (poem); L yn Lifshin's "Muriel Rukeyser Accepting an Honorary Degree" (poem); Lorrie Goldensohn's "Our Mother Muriel"; Almitra Marino David's "For Muriel Rukeyser" (poem); Jan Johnson Drantell's "Or What's a Mother For?: Muriel Rukeyser as Mother/Poet"; Susan Ayres's "Outlaw Against the Thinking Fathers"; Ruth Porritt's "'Unforgetting Eyes': Rukeyser Portraying Kollwitz's Truth"; Susan Eisenberg's "'Changing Waters Carry Voices': 'Nine Poems for the unborn child"'; John Lowney's "Truths of Outrage, Truths of Possibility: Muriel Rukeyser's 'The Book of the Dead"'; Stephanie Hartman's "All Systems Go: Muriel Rukeyser's 'The Book of the Dead' and the Reinvention of Modernist Poetics"; Stephanie Strickland's "Striving All My Life" (poem); Shoshana Wechsler's "A Ma(t)ter of Fact and Vision: The Objectivity Question and 'The Book of the Dead"'; Michele Ware's "'An Identity Seemed to Leap Out Before Me': Muriel Rukeyser's The Traces of Thomas Hariot"; James Brock's "The Perils of a 'Poster Girl': Rukeyser, Partisan Review, an d Wake Island"; Leslie Ann Minot' s "'Kodak As You Go': The Photographic Metaphor in the Work of Muriel Rukeyser"; Daniel Gabriel's "Metapoem (1)" (poem); Judith Hemschemeyer's "To Muriel Rukeyser" (poem); Jan Heller Levi's "'Too Much Life to Kill': Some Thoughts on Muriel Rukeyser"; Anne Marx's "For Muriel Rukeyser" (poem); Denise Levertov's "On Muriel Rukeyser"; Gerald Stern's "A Short Oration for Muriel"; Daniel Halpern's "Muriel" (poem); and William L. Rukeyser's "Inventing a Life."

Holden, Alan W., and J. Roy Birch, eds. A. E. Housinan: A Reassessment. New York: St. Martin's, 2000.

Selections include Burnett's "A. E. Housman's 'Level Tones"'; Benjamin F. Fisher's "The Critical Reception of A Shropshire Lad"; Keith Jebb's "The Land of Lost Content"; Geoffrey Hill's "Tacit Pledges"; Kenneth Womack's "'Ashes under Uricon': Historicizing A. E. Housman, Reifying T. H. Huxley, Embracing Lucretius"; Norman Page's "A. E. Housman and Thomas Hardy"; Trevor Hold's "'Flowers to Fair': A Shropshire Lad's Legacy of Song"; G. P. Goold's "Housman's Manilius"; John Bayley's "Lewis Carroll in Shropshire"; P. G. Naiditch's "The First Edition of A Shropshire Lad in Bookshop and Auction Room"; Carol Efrati's "A. E. Housman's Use of Biblical Narrative"; and Takeshi Obata's "The Spirit of Haiku and A. E. Housman."

Holland, Glenn S. Divine Irony. Selinsgrove: Susquehanna UP, 2000.

Holland's volume posits that irony arises when an author assumes the divine viewpoint on human events. Holland supports his argument by citing Greek and Israelite religious literature. Holland studies the use of irony by Socrates and Paul the apostle in his examination of the notion of irony and divine perspective.

Hugo, Leon. Edwardian Shaw: The Writer and His Age. New York: St. Martin's, 1999.

Hugo narrows his study to Bernard Shaw's career between the years 1901-1910. Hugo shows how, in this short span of time, Shaw transcended the conservative world and rose to be one of the most dominant radical voices of his age. In addition, Hugo touches upon many important aspects of Shaw's career, from his self-advertisement campaigns to his opposition to stage censorship.

James, Louis. Caribbean Literature in English. New York: Addison Wesley Longman, 1999.

James traces the development of cultures that shared a mutual experience of slavery, but were connected to individually located areas. In addition, James explores the heritage of the plantation era and the issues of identity and language that developed as a result of it. James comments on the effects of pan-Caribbean movements and the source of an expatriate Caribbean identity in Britain and America.

Johnson, Kurt, and Steve Coates. Nabokov's Blues: The Scientific Odyssey of a Literary Genius. Cambridge: Zoland, 1999.

Discussing Nabokov's study of butterflies, especially those of the blue variety, Johnson and Coates's volume examines Nabokov's place in the annals of science. Offering insight into the contributions of Nabokov to science, Johnson and Coates explore the manner in which the writer contributed to answering the questions of biogeography, evolution, and the worldwide crisis in ecology.

Kaiser, David Aram. Romanticism, Aesthetics, and Nationalism. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1999.

Kaiser's volume argues that our modern conception of the aesthetic sphere originated during the period of British and German Romanticism. Kaiser examines the movement of aesthetic statism, from Schiller and Coleridge to Adorno and Habermas. Kaiser claims that the shift in aesthetic autonomy from a supplement to the political sphere exists as a theoretical end unto itself.

Kellman, Steven G., and Irving Malin, eds. Leslie Fiedler and American Culture. Newark: U of Delaware P, 1999.

Selections include Kellman's "Introduction"; R. H. W. Dillard's "Anthropophagi"; Leslie Fiedler's "Hubbell Acceptance Speech"; Fiedler's "Come Back to the Raft Ag'in, Huck Honey!"; Irving Malin's "The Prophetic Textbook"; Joseph Dewey's "Andromeda on the Rocks: The Irony of Belonging in The Last Jew in America"; Brooke Horvath's "Freakshow: Normality, Self, and Other in Leslie Fiedler's Short Stories"; Kellman's "The Importance of Being Busted"; Jay L. Halio's "The Akedah (the Binding of Isaac) in Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice"; Mark Royden Winchell's "Fiedler and the New Criticism"; Daniel Schwarz's "Leslie Fiedler as Leopold Bloom"; David Ketterer's "'In [Mutant] Dreams Awake': Leslie Fiedler and Science Fiction"; Harold Schechter's "Myth, Archtype, and Chopper Chicks in Zombietown: What We've Learned from Leslie"; Irving Feldman's "Prometheus at 14"; John Barth's "The Accidental Mentor"; James M. Cox's "Celebrating Leslie Fiedler"; R. W. B. Lewis's "Leslie Fiedler: A Tribute"; David R. Slavitt's "Fiedler on the Roof'; Daniel Walden's "Leslie Fiedler: Enfant Terrible, American Jewish Critic, and the Other Side of Lionel Trilling"; Susan Gubar's "A Fiedler Brood"; Robert Boyers's "Thinking about Leslie Fiedler"; Geoffrey Green's "The Once and Future Fiedler"; Sanford Pinsker's "Leslie Fiedler, Freak"; and Leonard Cohen's "Poem."

Klinkowitz, Jerome. Keeping Literary Company: Working with Writers since the Sixties. Albany: State U of New York P, 1999.

Klinkowitz's volume traces his literary study of writers such as Kurt Vonnegut, Jerzy Kosinski, Donald Barthelme, Ronald Sukenick, Raymond Federman, Clarence Major, and Gilbert Sorrentino. Klinkowitz devotes particular attention to the writers with whom he spent time in interview and personal settings.

Leach, Karline. In the Shadow of the Dreamchild: A New Understanding of Lewis Carroll. London: Peter Owen, 1999.

Leach argues that Lewis Carroll was in fact not obsessed with Alice Liddell, but another member of her family. Leach's volume explores how the image of Carroll grew in the popular culture of the time and scholarship. Leach offers a reevaluation of Carroll's life and work in light of this new evidence.

Lipking, Lawrence. Samuel Johnson: The Life of an Author. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1998.

Lipking traces the life and career of Samuel Johnson and applies this knowledge to how an author is made and lives on through his or her work. Lipking's study covers Johnson's rise from being utterly unknown to literary fame and how this affected his work. In addition, Lipking offers new readings of Samuel Johnson's major works through a unique view of the writer's desire to do great deeds and his prevailing sense of expectation that he was doomed to failure.

Loveridge, Mark. A History of Augustan Fable. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1998.

Loveridge's volume examines the tradition of fable in several different written and illustrative media, from its beginnings in classical antiquity to the end of the eighteenth century. In addition, Loveridge traces both the history and the constructs of the genre to show how fables both represented history as a whole and also reflected the personal views of the writers. This study offers new ways of reading eighteenth-century literature through a full account of this form of English and European literature.

Loving, Jerome. Walt Whitman: The Song of Himself. Berkeley: U of California P, 1999.

Loving fully explores the life of Walt Whitman, including a fresh look at the poet's life and opinions concerning the aspects of the evolving urban life in American. Loving's study highlights Whitman's early life, commenting on his unhappy teaching career, typesetting jobs, and arguments with editors, family, and friends.

Loving argues that Whitman's work is a historical document due to his experience in the Civil War.

Maddox, Brenda. Yeats's Ghosts: The Secret Life of W. B. Yeats. Ncw York: HarperCollins, 1999.

Maddox's volume explores W. B. Yeats through the Automatic Script, 3,600 pages of automatic writing performed by himself and his younger wife, George. Maddox finds that these writings were a ploy by George to keep Yeats's mind off another woman. Maddox discusses Yeats's early life with his mother and then examines its influence on Yeats's later years, including his public career in Ireland, his sexual rejuvenation operation, and his infatuation with younger women.

Maurel, Sylvie. Jean Rhys. New York: St. Martin's, 1998.

Using feminist criticism and literary theory, Maurel's volume examines the works of Jean Rhys through close readings. Maurel comments on the feminine dissent apparent in the works of Rhys and discovers an ethics of subversion through resistance to closure, irony, parody, and her rewriting of Jane Eyre. Maurel also analyzes each novel as part of a whole with references to Rhys's short stories.

Miller, Dean A. The Epic Hero. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 2000.

Miller's volume offers a detailed typology of the hero in western myth: birth, parentage, familial ties, sexuality, character, deeds, death, and afterlife. In addition, Miller explores the place of the hero in the physical world and in society. Miller also examines the characters who modify or accompany the hero, such as partners, helpers, foes, foils, and antitypes.

Mitchell, Thomas R. Hawthorne's Fuller Mystery. Amherst: U of Massachusetts P, 1998.

Mitchell's volume examines the relationship between Nathaniel Hawthorne's writing and Margaret Fuller's notions concerning women's rights, equality of the sexes, and the nature of marriage. Mitchell also traces how Julian Hawthorne's portrayal of his father's relationship with Fuller demolished her literary reputation. Through Mitchell's position that this relationship was the most intimate in Hawthorne's life, this study presents new readings of several of Hawthorne's works including The Scarlet Letter, The Blithedale Romance, and The Marble Faun.

Moramarco, Fred, and William Sullivan. Containing Multitudes: Poetry in the United States Since 1950. New York: Twayne, 1998.

Moramarco and Sullivan trace the major changes in poetry since the mid-century deaths of the key modernists Eliot, Pound, Stevens, Williams, and others in their generation. Moramarco and Sullivan start with a chronicle of the major modifications of modernism by the "lost world" poets, such as Weldon Kees, Randall Jarrell, Robert Lowell, Elizabeth Bishop, Theodoore Roethke, Stanley Kunitz, and John Berryman. In this volume, Moramarco and Sullivan comment upon questions about race, gender, and the interplay between the two, as well as about ideology and sexual preference.

Paley, Morton D. Portraits of Coleridge. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1999.

Paley comments on how the portraits of Coleridge may give some insight into the writer's character. In a detailed examination of each painting, Paley also offers a critical analysis of the portraits with reference to the career of the artist who produced it. Paley's volume contributes to the genre of literary biography, as well as to the realm of art criticism.

Paulin, Tom. The Day-Star of Liberty: William Hazlitt's Radical Style. London: Faber and Faber, 1998.

Paulin locates Hazlitt as one of the great prose writers and literary artist. Paulin focuses on Hazlitt's Irish background and the Unitarian culture he was raised in as important conditions that influenced the joy and energy apparent in his work. Paulin argues that Hazlitt turned journalism and criticism into an art form.

Peters, Michael, ed. After the Disciplines: The Emergence of Cultural Studies. Westport: Bergin and Garvey, 1999.

Selections include Henry A. Giroux's "Series Foreword"; Peters's "Introduction: Disciplinarity and the Emergence of Culture Studies"; Ruth Butterworth's "The Political Economy of 'Studies"'; Robert Markley' s "After the Science Wars: From Old Battles to New Directions in the Cultural Studies of Science"; Timothy Luke's "Going to Cyberschool: Post/Trans/Antidisciplinarity at the Virtual University"; Ravi Arvind Palat's "Fragmented Visions: Excavating the Future of Area Studies in a Post-American World"; Warren Moran's "Geography and Area Studies"; Maureen Molloy's "Women's Studies/Cultural Studies: Pedagogy, Seduction and the Real World"; Megan Boler's "Disciplined Absences: Cultural Studies and the Missing Discourse of a Feminist Politics of Emotion"; Roger Horrocks's "The Late Show: The Production of Film and Television Studies"; Ranginui Walker's "The Development of Maori Studies in Tertiary Education in Aotearoa/New Zealand"; Colin Lankshear's "Literacy Studies in Education: Disciplined Developments in a P ostdisciplinary Age"; Giroux's "Doing Cultural Studies: Youth and the Challenge of Pedagogy"; and Brian Opie's "Humanities in the Postmodern."

Poirier, Richard. Trying It Out in America: Literary and Other Performances. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1999.

Through biographical studies of Emerson, Whitman, Norman Mailer, and T. S. Eliot, among others, Poirier posits that the United States has been very receptive to literary and artistic experimentation. In addition, Poirier extends his studies beyond literature, examining the American Ballets of George Balanchine, the performance style of Bette Midler, and the diaries of Arthur Inman. Poirier also denounces the opinions on American culture given by writers such as Jean Baudrillard and Martin Amis.

Polonsky, Rachel. English Literature and the Russian Aesthetic Renaissance. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1998.

Polonsky traces the reception of English poetry and poets such as Shelley, Ruskin, Pater, Frazer, and Wilde by Russian poets and writers. Polonsky's volume examines the influences of comparative scholarship, highlighting a common interest in mythology, folklore, anthropology, and the origins of language. Polonsky also comments upon Russian notions of national identity, literary influence, and the evolution of comparative literary history.

Posnock, Ross. Color and Culture: Black Writers and the Making of the Modern Intellectual. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1998.

Posnock argues that black writers, far from being recent arrivals, were the first modern American intellectuals. Posnock also produces a fresh historical viewpoint on "black intellectuals" as a social phylum extending over a century. In this study, Posnock posits that that these writers raise questions about two assumptions: that high culture is "white culture" and that racial uplift is the only concern of the black intellectual.

Purkis, John. A Preface to Wilfred Owen. New York: Addison Wesley Longman, 1999.

Purkis places Wilfred Owen's life and work in the cultural and historical context of the early twentieth century. In addition to furnishing important biographical information, Purkis provides analyses of ten of Owen's major poems. Purkis demonstrates how poetry, painting, and the national mourning after the war influenced Owen's writing.

Rainey, Lawrence. Institutions of Modernism: Literary Elites and Public Culture. New Haven: Yale UP, 1999.

Questioning where modernism was produced and how it was transferred to specific audiences, Rainey provides new stories about five major modernist figures: James Joyce, T. S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, H.D., and F. T. Marinetti. Rainey's volume examines such sources as the recently opened archives of the Dial, the full sales records of Ulysses (including buyers' names and addresses), and Pound's letters detailing his fascination with Fascism. Rainey posits that literary modernism was branded by a removal from the sphere of common culture into a secluded new world in which the public no longer played a significant part.

Ricks, Christopher. Essays in Appreciation. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1998.

Selections include "Doctor Faustus and Hell on Earth"; "John Donne: 'Farewell to Love'"; "The Wit and Weight of Clarendon"; "George Crabbe's Thoughts of Confinement"; "Victorian Lives: E. C. Gaskell's Charlotte Bronte/Froude's Carlyle/Tennyson's Tennyson/George Eliot: 'She Was Still Young"'; "A Note on Hardy's 'A Spellbound Palace"'; Racine's Phedre, Lowell's Phaedra"; "Austin's Wink"; "Literature and the Matter of Fact"; "Literary Principles as Against Theory"; "Criticism at the Present Time: Two Notes--1. What Is at Stake in the 'Battle of the Books?' 2. William Empson and the 'Loony Hooters."'

Roe, Sue, and Susan Sellers, eds. The Cambridge Companion to Virginia Woolf. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2000.

Selections include Andrew McNeillie's "Bloomsbury"; Suzanne Raitt's "Finding a Voice: Virginia Woolf's Early Novels"; Susan Dick's "Literary Realism in Mrs. Dalloway, To the Lighthouse, Orlando, and The Wave"; Julia Briggs's "The Novels of the 1930s and the Impact of History"; Hermione Lee's "Virginia Woolf's Essays"; Sellers's "Virginia Woolf's Diaries and Letters"; Maria DiBattista's "Virginia Woolf and the Language of Authorship"; Michael Whitworth's "Virginia Woolf and Modernism"; Roe's "The Impact of Post-Impressionism"; David Bradshaw's 'The Socio-Political Vision of the Novels"; Laura Marcus's "Woolf's Feminism and Feminism's Woolf'; and Nicole Ward Jouve's "Virginia Woolf and Psychoanalysis."

Ruttenburg, Nancy. Democratic Personality: Popular Voice and the Trial of American Authorship. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1998.

Ruttenburg's volume offers a fresh view of the democratization of America by reexamining democracy as a symbolic theater, historically achieved in a public response that began with the Salem witchcraft crisis of 1692 and continued through the Great Awakening and the antebellum era. In addition, Ruttenburg creates a lineage of democratic personality by exploring the historical and fictional theaters from which it emerged to rediscover the association of appearance with reality and thus provoke structures of political and cultural power. Ruttenburg traces how colonial culture challenged the Puritan cosmology to accept the complex philosophy of a democratic society based on the individual, as well as exploring the development of an American "aesthetic of innocence."

Schirmeister, Pamela J. Less Legible Meanings: Between Poetry and Philosophy in the Work of Emerson. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1999.

Schirmeister argues that the battle between literature and philosophy never took place in America, and that instead traditional philosophical work established types of literary praxis and cultural therapeutics. Schirmeister examines the kind of reading that Emersonian rhetoric encapsulates. In addition, Schirmeister presents the reader with new ways to explore the work of Emerson, as well as to consider the influence of Emerson upon American culture.

Schmidt, Michael. Lives of the Poets. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1998.

Through an examination of over 250 English-speaking poets, Schmidt's volume compares their best and worst poems, their triumphs and tragedies, their loves and losses. In addition, Schmidt locates principal themes and key works in each poet's canon. Schmidt's expansive study traces the history of English poetry from its origins to contemporary pieces.

Schmolke-Hasselmann, Beate. The Evolution of Arthurian Romance: The Verse Tradition from Chretien to Froissart. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1998.

Schmolke-Hasslemann's volume supplies both a contribution to reception history and an exploration of the medieval response to Chretien's poetry. Also examined by Schmolke-Hasslemann is the genre's history, mapping the development of Arthurian verse romance in French. Setting Chretien's work as the origin for the history of the genre, this study depicts the evolutionary changes occurring between Chretien's Erec et Enide and Froissart's Meliador.

Scigaj, Leonard M. Sustainable Poetry: Four American Ecopoets. Lexington: UP of Kentucky, 1999.

Scigaj utilizes the critical works of Maurice Merleau-Ponty to construct the philosophical base for environmental poetry upon phenomenological rather than poststructural language theory. In addition to defining ecopoetry, Scigaj posits that contemporary ecopoetry involves a postmodern awareness of the limits of language. Concentrating on the work of A. R. Ammons, Wendell Berry, W. S. Merwin, and Gary Snyder, Scigaj examines each poet's work and the scope of their involvement in nature, as well as their skill in using ordinary language that copies biocentric ways of viewing nature.

Sethi, Rumina. Myths of the Nation. Oxford: Clarendon, 1999.

Sethi concentrates on the construction of forms of historical consciousness in narratives, or schools of narrative. In addition, Sethi traces nationalism from its abstract underpinnings to its concrete manifestation in historical fiction that underwrites the Indian freedom struggle. Sethi investigates how orientalists, nationalists, Marxists, subalternists, and poststructuralists have all, in their own ways, used the disenfranchised sub-proletariat in their works.

Sharpe, Tony. Wallace Stevens: A Literary Life. New York: St. Martin's, 2000.

Sharpe examines the symbiotic and antagonistic relation between Stevens's literary life and his career as a senior insurance executive. In addition, Sharpe contends that Stevens's poems were affected by the personal, historical, and publishing constructs that surrounded his life. Sharpe explores Stevens's attitude that poetry was important to the ordinary world.

Shattuck, Roger. Candor and Perversion: Literature, Education, and the Arts. New York: Norton, 1999.

Shattuck examines the nature of intellectual craftsmanship, defends art's undeniable moral component, and laments our culture's tendencies toward both anti-intellectualism and philistine pretension. Shattuck also demonstrates how politics and theory have grown increasingly dominant, now threatening to eliminate the very category of literature.

Smith, Christopher J. P. A Quest for Home: Reading Robert Southey. Liverpool: Liverpool UP, 1997.

Smith contests the way that Southey has been, and continues to be, marginalized by scholars of Romanticism, despite recent attempts to reengage his work by writers such as Marilyn Butler. Smith centers on certain key themes and leitmotifs in Southeyan texts from approximately the period of 1793-1805. Smith then constructs a full scholarly picture of Southey's authorial path and the contemporary historical influences and events that impacted his work.

Spiegel, Alan. James Agee and the Legend of Himself. Columbia: U of Missouri P, 1998.

Spiegel's study explores the accomplishments of Agee and approaches him not simply as a celebrity, journalist, or "Depression" writer, but as a self-interrogating literary artist who produced a homemade legend from his earliest family memories, examining his experience through a mythology dealing with his mother, his father, and himself. Spiegel traces the inner life of Agee through the different representations of himself as they appear in his books. Ultimately, Spiegel invalidates the common misapprehensions about Agee's work and its confusing connections with the details of his actual life.

Sturgis, Matthew. Aubrey Beardsley: A Biography. Woodstock: Overlook, 1999.

Sturgis furnishes readers with a full account of Beardsley's brief and brilliant life, from the artist's close relationship with his sister Mabel, to his sudden rise to fame as co-editor of both The Yellow Book and The Savoy. Sturgis traces Beardsley's manipulation of the press and public in fin-de-siecle England.

Vander Meulen, David L., ed. The Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia: The First Fifty Years. Charlotte: Heritage Printers, 1998.

Selections include G. Thomas Tanselle's "Preface"; Vander Meulen's "A History of the Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia: The First Fifty Years"; Tanselle's "A History of Studies in Bibliography: The First Fifty Volumes"; David L. Gants and Elizabeth K. Lynch's "Author Index to Studies in Bibliography, Volumes 1-50"; and William B. Todd's "Early Encounters with Fredson Bowers."

Vipond, Dianne L., ed. Conversations with John Fowles. Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 1999.

Selections include Roy Newquist's "John Fowles"; Charles Monaghan's "Portrait of a Man Reading"; Daniel Halpern's "A Sort of Exile in Lyme Regis"; Rowland Molony's "John Fowles: The Magus"; James Campbell's "An Interview with John Fowles"; Aaron Latham's "John Fowles on Islands and...Hidden Valleys"; David North's "Interview with Author John Fowles"; Tony Graham, Hilary Arnold, Sappho Durrell, and John Thackara's "John Fowles: An Exclusive Interview"; Devon McNamara's "Staying Green: An Interview with John Fowles the Novelist"; Christopher Bigsby's "John Fowles"; Raman K. Singh' s "An Encounter with John Fowles"; Carol M. Barnum's "An Interview with John Fowles"; Jan Relf's "An Interview with John Fowles"; Carlin Romano's "A Conversation with John Fowles"; Katherine Tarbox's "Interview with John Fowles"; Susana Onega's "Fowles on Fowles"; James R. Baker's "John Fowles: The Art of Fiction CIX"; Vipond's "An Unholy Inquisition"; David Streitfeld's "A Writer Blocked"; The Socialist Review's "The Endless Lessons of History"; Melissa Denes's "Fowles on a Fair Day"; and Vipond's "A Dialogue with John Fowles."

Wachtel, Michael. The Development of Russian Verse: Meter and Its Meanings. Cambridge: Cambridge, 1999.

Wachtel's volume argues that that form is never neutral and that poets can react positively through stylization and development, or negatively through parody or revision. Through close readings of more than fifty poets, Wachtel provides English-speaking readers with a basis for understanding the sense of continuity of Russian poets. Wachtel comments on the nature of literary tradition and how it forms in a country that has taken so much of its identity from its written legacy.

Waldron, Ann. Eudora: A Writer's Life. New York: Doubleday, 1998.

Waldron's volume traces the moments and experiences that helped Welty's style and voice evolve over the years. Waldron also comments on Welty's experiences, as well as provides her correspondence with Faulkner, Katherine Anne Porter, and Elizabeth Bowen. In addition, Waldron discusses Welty's life and how her sensibility afforded her a notion of place and purpose.

Waldron, Mary. Jane Austen and the Fiction of Her Tune. Cambridge: Cambridge Up, 1999.

Waldron's study paints Jane Austen as a radical innovator who challenged the popular novelists of her time. Waldron also shows how Austen's fiction transformed the style of narrative of her contemporaries. Moving away from the often deliberated questions of ideology, Waldron pursues Austen's literary motivation and forms a unifying critique of the novels to explicate their durability with audiences.

Walsh, John Evangelist. Darkling I Listen: The Last Days and Death of John Keats. New York: St. Martin's, 1999.

Walsh's study examines the final days of Keats's life before he died of consumption at the age of twenty-five. In addition, Walsh explores the complexity of Keats's relationship with Fanny Brawne and relates it to the final days of the writer's life. Walsh traces Keats's view on religion and the progress of the illness that killed him.

Walsh, John Evangelist. Midnight Dreary: The Mysterious Death of Edgar Allan Poe. New Brunswick: Rutgers UP, 1998.

Walsh traces the final days of Edgar Allan Poe and investigates the many theories compiled over the last 150 years. Walsh explores the questionable circumstances of Poe's death, utilizing some of the foremost literary biographies. Walsh, through modern deduction and research, claims to have solved some of the mysterious surrounding Poe's early demise.

Wheatley, Kim. Shelley and His Readers: Beyond Paranoid Politics. Columbia: U of Missouri P, 1999.

Wheatley posits that Shelley's idealism can be explored through his poetry's reception. Through an examination of early-nineteenth-century British periodicals, Wheatley utilizes a reception-based methodology with close textual analysis in order to identify Shelley's passion for reforming the world. In addition, Wheatley's volume considers how to recover Romantic idealism after challenges from deconstructive and historicist criticism.

Wheeler, Michael. Ruskin's God. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1999.

Wheeler's volume argues that Ruskin's works are bound by a trust in divine wisdom. Wheeler comments on Ruskin's Evangelical natural theology and his celebration of Turner's landscape painting. In addition, Wheeler demonstrates that Ruskin's troubled religious life influenced his writing.

Wilkes, Joanne. Lord Byron and Madame Dc Stael: Born for Opposition. Brookfield: Ashgate, 1999.

Wilkes explores the relationship between Lord Byron and Madame De Stael, from their verbal battles in the Regency society to when Byron left England in 1816. Wilkes also studies the literary links through their response to each other's work and through their mutual interests. Wilkes concentrates on how their work dealt with gender, their treatment of heroic endeavor, their encounter with the social and political situations in Britain, France, and Italy, and their ideas about the role of the writer.

Wolfreys, Julian, ed. Literary Theories: A Reader and Guide. New York: New York UP, 1999.

Selections include Wolfreys's "Introduction: Border Crossings, or Close Encounters of the Textual Kind"; K. M. Newton's "Introduction: Never Standing Still, or Is Roland Barthes Structuralism?"; Ruth Robbins's "Introduction: Will the Real Feminist Theory Please Stand Up?"; Moyra Haslett's "Introduction: The Politics of Literature"; Martin McQuillan's "Introduction: There Is No Such Thing as Reader-Response Theory"; Jill Barker's "Introduction: Screening the Other"; Wolfreys's "Introduction: What Remains Unread"; Mark Currie's "Introduction: Criticism and Conceit"; Leah Wain's "Introduction: Postmodernism? Not Representing Postmodernism"; John Brannigan's "Introduction: History, Power and Politics in the Literary Artifact"; Gail Ching-Liang Low's "Introduction: The Difficulty of Difference"; Jane Goldman's "Introduction: Works on the Wild(e) Side--Performing, Transgressing, Queering"; and Kenneth Womack's "Introduction: Theorizing Culture, Reading Ourselves."

Woodring, Carl. Literature: An Embattled Profession. New York: Columbia UP, 1999.

Woodring's volume examines the history and contemporary state of literary studies in America. Woodring explores the history of cultural, political, and commercial influences on literary study in North America from the early 1800s to the late 1990s. In addition, Woodring investigates the current and future state of the university, concentrating on the contemporary humanities.

Woods, Suzanne. Lanyer: A Renaissance Woman Poet. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1999.

Woods's critical biography traces the contiguities between the poet and several of her male contemporaries and considers how her work relates to theirs. Woods indicates how Lanyer is an effective poet whose voice comments on the common topics and approaches of her time. Woods maintains that Lanyer was possibly present at Spenser's readings of The Faerie Queene at court.

Wykes, David. Evelyn Waugh: A Literary Life. New York: St. Martin's, 1999.

Despite Waugh's attempts to keep the work of the author distinct from the life of the author, Wykes's volume argues that Waugh's fiction was autobiographical. Wykes traces the wavering relationship between fact and imaginative fiction during Waugh's life. Wykes also investigates why Waugh shifted from the anarchic, hilarious Decline and Fall and the romantic, eschatological Brideshead Revisited.

(2) Semiotics, Narratology, Rhetoric, and Language Systems

Axelrod, Mark. The Poetics of Novels: Fiction and Its Execution. New York: St. Martin's, 1999.

Axelrod's volume studies the execution and fundamental principles governing novel-writing through literary and cultural theory. Examining such texts as Cervantes's Don Quixote, Jane Austen's Northanger Abbey, and Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights, Axelrod addresses the architectural poetics of the novels.

Barry, Jackson. Art, Culture, and the Semiotics of Meaning: Culture's changing Signs of Life in Poetry, Drama, Painting, and Sculpture. New York: St. Martin's, 1999.

Barry's volume discusses the formal meanings in the arts that supplement our knowledge of "the way things are" and prepare our minds for dealing with them. In addition, Barry explores the significance of artworks as interpreted through their material and formal constituents. Barry investigates the interplay between concepts fighting for expression and the matter and form available for their communication.

Beebee, Thomas O. Epistolary Fiction in Europe, 1500-1850. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1999.

Beebee's study discusses epistolary fiction as a major phenomenon in Europe from the Renaissance to the mid-nineteenth century. Beebee argues that fiction can be found everywhere, not just in texts aimed specifically at aesthetic digestion. In addition, Beebee offers a bibliography of epistolary fiction up to 1850.

Clandinin, D. Jean, and F. Michael Connelly. Narrative Inquiry: Experience and Story in Qualitative Research. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2000.

Clandinin and Connelly's guide indicates how narrative inquiry can be utilized in educational and social science research. Mapping the origins of narrative inquiry in the social sciences, Clandinin and Connelly provide new and practical ideas for conducting fieldwork, composing field notes, and conveying research results.

Eggert, Paul, and Margaret Sankey, eds. The Editorial Gaze: Mediating Texts in Literature and the Arts. New York: Garland, 1998.

Selections include Sankey's "Introduction"; T. H. Howard Hill's "The Dangers of Editing, or, the Death of the Editor"; David Greetham's '"""What Does It Matter Who is Speaking," Someone Said, "What Does It Matter Who Is Speaking"?""" (Greetham Version), or, '"What Does it matter who is speaking?": Editorial Recuperation of the Estranged Author' (Eggert Version)"; Eggert's "Social Discourse or Authorial Agency: Bridging the Divide between Editing and Theory"; Richard Fotheringham's "Editing Popular Nineteenth-Century Melodramas"; Mary Jane Edwards's "Editing a Major Canadian Novel: William Kirby's The Golden Dog"; Sankey's "From Seventeenth-Century Clandestine Manuscript to Contemporary Edition: L'Autre Monde of Cyrano de Bergerac"; Mary Chan's "Editorial Decisions for Roger North's Life of the Lord Keeper North: Practice and Theory"; Margaret Clunies Ross's "Editing the Oral Text: Medieval and Modern Transformations"; Jeff Brownrigg's "The Art of Audio-Editing: Representing Early Australian Vocal Recordings"; and Robyn Holmes's "Australian Music Editing and Authenticity: 'Would the Real Mrs. Monk Please Stand Up?"'

Engell, James. The Committed Word: Literature and Public Values. University Park: Pennsylvania State UP, 1999.

Engell posits that a more complete literary training can nurture an enhanced sense of shared social experience, an overall perception of different views, a respect for language, and a stronger ability to express the values we consider important. Engell also analyzes how individuals of different backgrounds and lifestyles resort to elevated language in order to obtain knowledge, explore beliefs, deliberate policy, and incite action. Through an exploration of Lincoln, Burke, Swift, Hume, Lowth, and Vico, among others, Engell examines the political and ethical association of writers to their culture in order to renew links between literary qualities of language and the means by which we confront power and attain liberty.

Enterline, Lynn. The Rhetoric of the Body: From Ovid to Shakespeare. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2000.

Enterline' s volume explores the complex, often violent associations between body and voice in Ovid's Metamorphoses and narrative, lyric, and dramatic works by Petrarch, Marston, and Shakespeare. In addition, Enterline examines the basic, yet disruptive force that Ovidian rhetoric places on early modern poetry, particularly on representations of the self, the body, and erotic life. Enterline analyzes the trope of the female voice in the Meramorphoses, as well as the debate that Ovid's rhetoric of the body confronts the Renaissance representations of authorship and conceptions about the difference between male and female experience.

Flint, Lorna. Shakespeare's Third Keyboard: The Significance of Rime in Shakespeare's Plays. Cranbury: Associated UP, 2000.

Studying the rhyme that Shakespeare used in his plays, Flint posits a case about the nature of perfect and imperfect rhyme. Flint's volume studies the historical nature of rhyme and how critics' attitudes towards rhyme have changed over the years. In addition, Flint comments on the significance and functions of rhyme in drama.

Frey, Charles H. Making Sense of Shakespeare. Cranbury: Associated UP, 1999.

Frey's volume argues for the existence of non-visual imagination in the reading and viewing of Shakespeare. In addition, Frey presents a new kind of close reading, namely "sense-reading," which values Shakespeare's somatic images and his vocal tones and rhythms. Frey discusses the neglected but significant emotions created by Shakespeare's visceral and kinesthetic energy.

Gray, Edward G. New World Babel: Languages and Nations in Early America. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1999.

Gray's study provides a cultural and intellectual history of the languages spoken by the native peoples of North America from the earliest era of European conquest through the early nineteenth century. Gray shows the ways in which the Europeans' changing comprehension of "language" forged their relationship with the Native Americans. In addition, Gray posits that European explorers and colonists generally viewed American-Indian languages as a divine gift that bore no connection to the culture of the speakers.

Hair, Donald S. Robert Browning's Language. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1999.

Hair's volume explores Browning's understanding of the linguistic nature of the world that surrounded him and also how he utilized the English language in his works from the 1833 Pauline to the 1889 Asolando. Hair examines the historical context in which Browning lived and how Browning was caught between empirical and idealist traditions. In addition, Hair analyzes Browning's style, connecting his use of the language to his interests in painting and music.

Kearns, Michael S. Rhetorical Narratology. Lincoln: U of Nebraska P, 1999.

Kearns combines traditional narratology's tools for analyzing texts with rhetoric's tools for analyzing audiences. In addition, Kearns approaches rhetorical narratology via speech-act theory, which, in emphasizing the rule-governed context in which any text is produced and received, provides the means for describing how the structures of narrative may affect certain audiences in certain ways.

Kermode, Frank. Shakespeare's Language. New York: Penguin, 2000.

Kermode explores some of the language of Shakespeare's earlier plays and provides close studies of what came after that, in the great works between Hamlet and The Tempest. Kermode then examines how the language developed and how, in spite of everything, Shakespeare established an audience capable of understanding Hamlet at the beginning of the decade and Coriolanus near the end of it.

Maeder, Beverly. Wallace Stevens's Experimental Language: The Lion in the Lute. New York: St. Martin's, 1999.

Maeder utilizes a unique rhetorical and philosophical approach to study Stevens's linguistic exploration. Examining both well-known poems and lesser-known works, Maeder cites Stevens's use of metaphor and placement of prepositions and prefixes, as well as his uninhibited use of copular verbs. Maeder argues that Stevens's making and unmaking of the constructs of language aid the poem in becoming the foundation for the temporal and perishable nature of both the text and poet-persona.

McJannet, Linda. The Voice of Elizabethan Stage Directions: The Evolution of a Theatrical Code. Cranbury: Associated UP, 1999.

McJannet's volume studies the form and voice of stage directions as an important aspect of dramatic discourse in Elizabethan drama. McJannet maps the development of Elizabethan directions from their medieval forebears and compares the directions associated with the professional theaters with the neoclassical conventions of other venues. In addition, McJannet posits that, whoever speaks through them, stage directions constitute a distinct code, a set of verbal and visual conventions that vary from period to period.

Okonkwo, Chidi. Decolonization Agonistics in Posteolonial Fiction. New York: St. Martin's, 1999.

Okonkwo confronts the western-originated precepts of postcoloniality and postcolonial cultural/literary theory on the basis that behind their stylish emancipatory rhetoric they actually immerse Third World anti-colonialist writing under a Western strategy for the post-cold war era. Okonkwo also presents important separations between the literature of Europe's momentaryily disadvantaged insiders, the imperial-outpost literatures of the European dispersion in the Americas and Australasia, and the decolonization of literatures of third-world peoples and ethnic minorities that make up the West's third-world areas. In addition, Okonkwo constructs a different postcolonial mode of critique which emphasizes the cultural, historical, and ideological visualizations of the decolonization novel, as well as a theoretical model to guide comparative critiques of decolonization novels from different cultures.

Price, Michael E. Stories with a Moral: Literature and Society in Nineteenth-Century Georgia. Athens: U of Georgia P, 2000.

Price studies the effects of plantation society on literature and the influence of literature on social practices in nineteenth-century Georgia. Through an examination of fiction, travel accounts, diaries, and personal letters, Price explores how Georgia authors romanticized agrarian themes to present an appealing image of plantation economy and social structure. Price concentrates on the importance of literature as a form of ideological communication.

Rudnicki, Robert W. Percyscapes: The Fugue State in Twentieth-Century Southern Fiction. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 1999.

Rudnicki examines the works of Walker Percy to find a foundational aspect of southern fiction. In addition, Rudnicki discusses the fugue state and its existential conflict of wanting to both integrate the world and escape it. Rudnicki explores language theory and fugual tensions between immanence and transcendence.

Sharpe, Kevin. Reading Revolutions: The Politics of Reading in Early Modern England. New Haven: Yale UP, 2000.

Not only is Sharpe's volume a comprehensive study of reading and politics in early modern England, he also explores how texts of that period were produced and disseminated as well as how readers interpreted and were influenced by them. Sharpe demonstrates how readers formed radical social values and political ideas as they experienced civil war, revolution, republic, and restoration. In addition to showing how reading in the rhetorical culture of Renaissance England was a political act, Sharpe argues that authority was experienced, reviewed, and criticized not only in the public forum but in the study, on the page, and in the imagination of early modern readers.

Shaw, W. David. Origins of the Monologue: The Hidden God. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1999.

Shaw demonstrates that dramatic monologues revealed themselves to the real audience, as well as offered the poet a way to speak as a hidden God. Concentrating on the works of Robert Browning, Tennyson, and William Morris, Shaw relates these monologues to those of Chaucer and T. S. Eliot. In addition, Shaw provides an argument that suggests that changes in cultural and intellectual history can alter a major poetic genre.

(3) Postmodernism and Deconstruction

Ashenden, Samantha, and David Owen, eds. Foucault contra Habermas: Recasting the Dialogue between Genealogy and Critical Theory. London: Sage, 1999.

Selections include Ashenden and Owen's "Introduction: Foucault, Habermas and the Politics of Critique"; Owen's "Orientation and Enlightenment: An Essay on Critique and Genealogy"; Thomas Osborne's "Critical Spirituality: On Ethics and Politics in the Later Foucault"; Daniel W. Conway's "Pus de deux: Habermas and Foucault in Genealogical Communication"; James Tully's "To Think an Act Differently: Foucault's Four Reciprocal Objections to Habermas' Theory"; Ashenden's "Questions of Criticism: Habermas and Foucault on Civil Society and Resistance"; Mitchell Dean's "Normalising Democracy: Foucault and Habermas on Demcracy, Liberalism and Law"; and Simon Thompson's "The Agony and the Ecstasy: Foucault, Habermas and the Problem of Recognition."

Balsamo, Gian. Pruning the Genealogical Tree: Procreation and Lineage in Literature, Law, and Religion. Lewisburg: Bucknell UP, 1999.

Balsamo's volume explores the literary motifs of procreation and genealogy from the standpoint of religious history and legal culture. In addition, Balsamo argues that the proper name written upon a birth certificate signifies a set of customs and legal codes that branch off from the act of procreation. Utilizing the theories of deconstructive criticism, Balsamo argues that in James Joyce's Ulysses, the contrast between paternity and maternity complements the reciprocal contamination of language and religion.

Coates, Ruth. Christianity in Bakhtin: God and the Exiled Author. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1998.

Coates's volume explores the Christian aspects of Bakhtin's work by examining the Christian framework in his early essays. Coates investigates the Christian themes present in his works from his period in exile, as well as their re-emergence during his rehabilitation. In addition, Coates devotes attention to themes that are inherent in his work, such as Creation, Fall, and Incarnation.

Duff, David, ed. Modern Genre Theory. New York: Longman, 2000.

Selections include Benedetto Croce's "Criticism of the Theory of Artistic and Literary Kinds"; Yury Tynyanov's "The Literary Fact"; Vladimir Propp's "Fairy Tale Transformations"; Mikhail Bakhtin's "Epic and Novel: Toward a Methodology for the Study of the Novel"; Bakhtin's "The Problem of Speech Genres"; Northrop Frye's "The Mythos of Summer: Romance"; Ireneusz Opacki's "Royal Genres"; Hans Robert Jauss's "Theory of Genres and Medieval Literature"; Rosalie Colie's "Genre-Systems and the Functions of Literature"; Fredric Jameson's "Magical Narratives: On the Dialectical Use of Genre Criticism"; Tzvetan Todorov's "The Origin of Genres"; Gerard Genette's "The Architext"; Jacques Derrida's "The Law of Genre"; Alastair Fowler's "Transformations of Genre"; and Mary Eagleton's "Genre and Gender."

Emig, Rainer. W. H. Auden: Towards a Postmodern Poetics. New York: St. Martin's, 2000.

Emig views Auden's entire canon through the critical lenses of modernism and postmodernism. In addition, Emig argues that throughout Auden's works there is a sense of optimism out of conscious failure. Emig explores the ethical position that arises out of the challenge to the individual to act responsibly in the face of an absence of guarantees, guidelines, and truths.

Greetham, D. C. Theories of the Text. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1999.

Greetham's volume is an account of the shifting practices of bibliography, textual criticism, and scholarly editing in light of contemporary critical theory. Greetham explores the conventions of textual studies through the lenses of formalism, modernism, postmodernism, intentionality, phenomenology, reception theory, structuralism, poststructuralism, gender studies, and cultural criticism. Greetham discusses the history of the scholarly discussion and an account of the contemporary debates regarding authorial intention, textual organicism, the socialization of the text, and intertextuality.

Hale, Dorothy J. Social Formalism: The Novel in Theory from Henry James to the Present. Stanford: Stanford, 1998.

Utilizing an analysis of Jamesian theory by Roland Barthes, Wayne Booth, and Gerard Genette, Hale's volume examines the persistence of James's theoretical assumptions from his writings and those of his disciple Percy Lubbock. Hale explores James's social formalism and the ways in which it influenced theories of minority identity. In addition, Hale argues that a tradition that originated in a definition of novelistic value as the formal instantiation of identity ends by locating minority political empowerment as self-representation.

Hirschkop, Ken. Mikhail Bakhtin: An Aesthetic for Democracy. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1999.

Utilizing recent Russian scholarship, Hirschkop debunks many of the myths that have surrounded Bakhtin and his work and establishes the foundation for a new, more historically focused sense of his achievements. Hirschkop posits that Bakhtin's philosophy of language, literary history, popular-festive culture, and the phenomenology of everyday life were the result of his search for a new kind of modern ethical culture. In effect, Hirschkop examines Bakhtin as a writer pulled into the historical conflicts created by a modernizing and democratizing Europe.

Juan-Navarro, Santiago. Archival Reflections: Postmodern Fiction of the Americas (Self-Reflexivity, Historical Revisionism, Utopia). Cranbury: Associated UP, 2000.

Utilizing two perspectives, namely the new historical novel of recent decades and the current postmodern debate, Juan Navarro's volume examines the works of Carlos Fuentes, Julio Cortazar, Ishmael Reed, and E. L. Doctorow. Juan-Navarro concentrates on these authors' works and comments on their self-reflectivity and their treatment of history. In addition, Juan-Navarro contemplates the aesthetic, historical, and political circumstances that lock these writers in a confrontation with accepted ideologies and established modes of representation.

Kimmelman, Burt. The "Winter Mind": William Bronk and American Letters. Cranbury: Associated UP, 1998.

Kimmelman places Bronk's work in relation to the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century New England literary tradition, to later twentieth-century modernism, and to schools of poetry such as the Objectivist and Black Mountain schools. Kimmelman explores how Bronk connected early American poetics and philosophy to postmodern notions of being, emptiness, and nothingness. Through an examination of letters between Bronk and Oppen, Kimmelman discovers many of the influences behind Bronk's writings.

Koepnick, Lutz. Walter Benjamin and the Aesthetics of Power. Lincoln: U of Nebraska P, 1999.

Through an examination of Benjamin's seminal writings on the relationship between mass culture and fascism, Koepnick explores Benjamin's critique of aesthetic politics. Koepnick studies Benjamin's works and how they added to contemporary debates about the cultural projects of Nazi Germany, the shifting role of popular culture in the twentieth century, and the way in which Nazi aesthetics have continued into the present. In addition, Koepnick considers how the Nazis utilized industrial mass culture to repair the political as a self-referential space of authenticity and self-assertion.

Larrissy, Edward, ed. Romanticism and Postmodernism. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1999.

Selections include Larrissy's "Introduction"; Paul Hamilton's "From Sublimity to Indeterminacy: New World Order or Aftermath of Romantic Ideology"; William Vaughan's "Turnabouts in Taste: The Case of Late Turner"; Emma Francis's "'Conquered Good and Conquering Ill': Femininity, Power and Romanticism in Emily Brontie's Poetry"; J. Drummond Bone's "A Sense of Endings: Some Romantic and Postmodern Comparisons"; Geoff Ward's "A Being All Alike?: Teleotropic Syntax in Ashbery and Wordsworth"; Fred Botting's "Virtual Romanticism"; John Fletcher's "The Sins of the Fathers: The Persistence of Gothic"; Andrew Michael Roberts's "Romantic Irony and the Postmodern Sublime: Geoffrey Hill and 'Sebastian Arrurruz"'; Stephan Clark's '"Uprooting the Rancid Stalk': Transformations of Romanticism in Ashbery and Ash"; and Marjorie Perloff's "Postmodernism/fin de siecle: Defining 'Difference' in Late Twentieth-Century Poetics."

Lecercle, Jean-Jacques. Interpretation as Pragmatics. New York: St. Martin's, 1999.

In this study, Lecercle posits that a pragmatic model of interpretation as a language-game includes five participants: an author, a text, a reader, a language, and an encyclopaedia. Lecercle postulates that authorial intention is radically separated from textual meaning and that the reader's role is one of necessary imposture. In addition, Lecercle's theory offers extensions of Althusser's concepts of interpellation and ideology, and envisages a corpus of texts both literary and taken from everyday life.

Lussier, Mark S. Romantic Dynamics: The Poetics of Physicality. New York: St. Martin's, 2000.

Lussier's study combines English Romantic poetry with contemporary theories of physics in an attempt to trace mutual assumptions in their models of material and mental dynamics. In addition, Lussier investigates the tension between Romantic poetics and physical theory and connects such notions to the recent dissent towards modes of postmodern criticism. Lussier also posits that these models of cosmos create a new metaphorical foundation separate from more classical mechanics of Newtonian thought and comparable to the theories of Bohr, Einstein, and Hawking.

Malkin, Jeanette R. Memory-Theatre and Postmodern Drama. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1999.

Malkin's volume argues that the way memory is conceptualized has changed in postmodernism, and that the theatricalization of this new memory discourse has produced some of the most powerful works on the contemporary stage. In addition, Malkin explores the intersection of three prominent fields: the current discourses on memory, the study of postmodern aesthetics, and the reading of late-twentieth-century theatre texts. Beginning with the formal innovations of Beckett's late plays, Malkin examines the stakes of memory for playwrights with different national and ethnic backgrounds.

McGavran, James Holt, ed. Literature and the Child: Romantic continuations, Postmodern Contestations. Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1999.

Selections include McGavran's "Romantic Continuations, Postmodern Contestations, or 'It's a Magical World, Hobbes, Ol' Buddy ... Crash!'"; Alan Ricardson's "Romanticism and the End of Childhood"; Mitzi Myers's "Reading Children and Homeopathic Romanticism: Paradigm Lost, Revisionary Gleam, or 'Plus ca Change, Plus C' est la Meme Chose?"'; Dieter Petzold's "Taking Games Seriously: Romantic Irony in Modern Fantasy for Children of All Ages"; Richard Flynn's "'Infant Sight': Romanticism, Childhood, and Postmodern Poetry"; McGavran' s "Wordsworth, Lost Boys, and Romantic Hom(e)ophobia"; Anne Lundin's "Sensational Designs: The Cultural Work of Kate Greenaway"; Paula T. Connolly's "The Marketing of Romantic Childhood: Milne, Disney, and a Very Popular Stuffed Bear"; William J. Scheick's "The Art of Maternal Nurture in Mary Austin's The Basket Woman"; and Teya Rosenberg's "Romanticism and Archetypes in Ruth Nichols."

Uhlmann, Anthony. Beckett and Poststructuralism. Cambridge: Cambridge, 1999.

Utilizing recent French philosophy of figures such as Foucault, Deleuze and Guattari, Levinas, and Derrida, Uhlmann's volume furnishes a work of literary criticism that is also an intellectual history. Uhlmann explores the ethical problems and decisions of theorists in post-war France. In addition, Uhlmann argues that literature and philosophy overlap, informing and deforming one another.

(4) Reader-Response and Phenomenological Criticism

Acocella, Joan. Willa Cather and the Politics of Criticism. Lincoln: U of Nebraska P, 2000.

Acocella's volume explores the politics of Willa Cather criticism and the ways in which Cather's work has been skewed by critics on both the left and right. In addition, Acocella posits that Cather's works carried a strong theme, not of a political agenda, but of a tragic view of life. Acoclla also provides a significant statement outlining the errors of political criticism in the study of literature.

Aronoff, Myron J. The Spy Novels of John Le Carre: Balancing Ethics and Politics. New York: St. Marlin's, 1999.

In addition to exploring how Le Carre's spy novels deal with political issues facing the contemporary world, Aronoff examines the ways in which Le Carre' s novels deal with the undemocratic means used to protect democracy in the post-Cold War era. Aronoff argues that Le Carre utilizes espionage as a metaphor for politics and shows how his characters collide due to battle between individual sovereignty and governmental loyalty. Aronoff also connects the self-parody of Le Carre and that of the seventeenth-century Dutch artist Jan Steen, elucidating how his self-parody exudes a unique form of questionable moralism.

Asals, Frederick, and Paul Tiessen, eds. A Darkness that Murmured: Essays on Malcolm Lowry and the Twentieth Century. Toronto: U of Toronto F, 2000.

Selections include Sherrill Grace's "Three Letters Home"; Judith Adamson's "Charlotte Haldane and Malcolm Lowry"; Michele Levy's "With Alfred H. Mendes in New York, 1936"; Jan Gabrial's "With Malcolm Lowry in Mexico"; William C. McConnell's "'To Us He Was, Always, "Malc""': A Reminiscence"; Greig Henderson's "'Destroy the World!': Gnosis and Nihilism in Under the Volcano"; Martin Bock's "Genius and Degeneration in Under the Volcano"; Patrick Deane's "Ultramarine, the Class War, and British Travel Writing in the 1930s"; Miguel Mota's "'We Simply Made One Up': The Hybrid Text of Tender Is the Night"; Cynthia Sugars's "Recuperating Authority: Plagiarism as Pastiche?"; Chris Ackerley's "Malcolm Lowry's Unimaginable Library of the Dead"; Mathieu Duplay's "The Operatic Paradigm: Voice, Sound, and Meaning in Lowry's Fiction"; Patrick A. McCarthy's "Totality and Fragmentation in Lowry and Joyce"; Dean Irvine's "A Poetic of Fire: Sharon Thesen's Confabulations: Poems for Malcolm Lowry"; Margaret Soltan's "From Black M agic to White Noise: Malcolm Lowry and Don DeLillo"; and Grace's "The Play's the Thing: Reading 'Lowry' in the Dark Wood of Freud, Cocteau, and Barthes."

Bery, Ashok, and Patricia Murry, eds. Comparing Postcolonial Literatures: Dislocations. New York: St. Martin's, 2000.

Selections include Bery and Murray's "Introduction"; C. L. Innes's "Postcolonial Studies and Ireland"; Willy Maley's "Crossing the Hyphen of History: the Scottish Borders of Anglo-Irishness"; Gerry Smyth's "The Politics of Hybridity: Some Problems with Crossing the Border"; Aidan Arrowsmith's "Inside-Out: Literature, Cultural Identity and Irish Migration to England"; Liam Harte and Lance Pettitt's "States of Dislocation: William Trevor's Felicia's Journey and Maurice Leitch's Gilchrist"; Geraldine Stoneham's "'It's a Free Country': Visions of Hybridity in the Metropolis"; Nara Araujo's "I Came All the Way from Cuba So I Could Speak Like This? Cuban and Cubanamerican Literatures in the US"; David Marriott's "Border Anxieties: Race and Psychoanalysis"; Sujala Singh's "Nationalism's Brandings: Women's Bodies and Narratives of the Partition"; Keith Richards's "Internalized Exiles: Three Bolivian Writers"; Susan Forsyth's "Writing Other Lives: Native American (Post)coloniality and Collaborative (Auto)biography"; D enise Vernon's "'The Limits of Goodwill': the Values and Dangers of Revisionism in Keneally's 'Aboriginal' Novels"; Murray's "The Trickster at the Border: Cross-Cultural Dialogues in the Caribbean"; Sam Haigh's "Between Speech and Writing: 'La nouvelle litterature antillaise'?"; Catherine Davies's "Hybrid Texts: Family, State and Empire in a Poem by Black Cuban Poet Excilia Saldana"; John Thieme's "Beyond Manicheanism: Derek Walcott's Henri Christophe and Dream on Monkey Mountain."; David Richards's "'Canvas of Blood': Okigbo's African Modernism"; Wilson Harris's "Closing Statement: Apprenticeship to the Furies."

Boitani, Piero. The Bible and Its Rewritings. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1999.

Boitani's volume examines how some of the most well-known scenes in the Bible are directly or indirectly rewritten in literature throughout the centuries. Boitani investigates the theme of recognition between human beings and God. In addition, Boitani comments on the rewriting of the Scriptures in the works of Chaucer, Dryden, Orwell, Kafka, Shakespeare, and T. S. Eliot, among others.

Booth, James, ed. New Larkins for Old: Critical Essays. New York: St. Martin's, 2000.

Selections include Booth's "Introduction: New Larkins for Old"; Barbara Everett's "Larkin's Money"; Edna Longley's "Larkin, Decadence and the Lyric Poem"; John Carey's "The Two Philip Larkins"; George H. Gilpin's "Patricia Avis and Philip Larkin"; M. W. Rowe's "Unreal Girls: Lesbian Fantasy in Early Larkin"; Liz Hedgecock's "New Worlds for Old: Mythology and Exile in the Novels of Philip Larkin"; Terry Whalen's "Philip Larkin and Lady Chatterley's Lover: Exploring an Influence"; Stephen Regan's "In the Grip of Light: Philip Larkin's Poetry of the 1940s"; Raphael Ingelbien's "The Uses of Symbolism: Larkin and Eliot"; John Osborne's "Postmodernism and Postcolonialism in the Poetry of Philip Larkin"; Steve Clark's "'The lost displays': Larkin and Empire"; Ian Almond's "Larkin and the Mundane: Mystic without a Mystery"; Booth's "From Here to Bogland: Larkin, Heaney and the Poetry of Place"; V. Penelope Pelizzon's "Native Carnival: Philip Larkin's Puppet-theatre of Ritual"; and Istvan D. Racz's "Larkin from an Eas t European Perspective."

Boyd, Brian. Nabokov's Pale Fire: The Magic of Artistic Discovery. Princeton: Princeton Up, 1999.

Boyd's volume comments on the possible existence of a second narrator in Pale Fire, as well as how much of the work is fantasy and what is reality. Boyd posits that Nabokov created the novel to surprise readers on the first reading and to surprise them even more on subsequent readings. In addition, Boyd investigates Nabokov's interest in discovery and how it stems from his love of science.

Braden, Gordon. Petrarchan Love and the Continental Renaissance. New Haven: Yale UP, 1999.

Braden's volume concentrates on the materials in languages other than English, such as Italian, French, and Spanish, in the poetry of Petrarch. Braden also explores Petrarch's theme of love for an important object of desire. In addition, Braden studies the poetry of Sor Juana Ines and a case of Petrarchism taken to one of the extremes.

Breyfogle, Todd, ed. Literary Imagination, Ancient and Modern: Essays in Honor of David Grene. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1999.

Selections include Breyfogle's "Introduction: Texts and the Rendering of Imaginative Reality"; Brendan Kennelly's "In a Drizzly Light"; Martin Ostwald's "Atheism and the Religiosity of Euripides"; James Redfield's "Poetry and Philosophy in Aristophanes' Clouds"; Stephanie Nelson's "Calypso's Choice: Immortality and Heroic Striving in the Odyssey and Ulysses"; Wendy Doniger's "The Homecomings of Odysseus and Nala"; Mary Douglas "A Bird, a Mouse, a Frog, and Some Fish: A New Reading of Leviticus II"; W. R. Johnson's "Confabulating Cephalus: Self-Narration in Ovid's Metamorphoses (7.672-865)"; Breyfogle's "Memory and Imagination in Augustine's Confessions"; Seth Benardete's "Metamorphosis and Conversion: Apuleius's Metamorphoses"; Norma Thompson's "Against Entertainment: Plato and the Poets Revisited"; Edwin McClellan's "'The Photographer': An Essay by Soseki"; Amirthanayagam P. David's "'I Know Thee Not, Old Man': The Renunciation of Falstaff"; Sandra F. Siegel's "Transforming Conventions: The Trope of Decorum and Thomas Sheriden's Captain O'Blunder"; Nicholas Grene's "Synge: Reality and the Imagination of Place"; Francoise Meltzer's "Mallarme and English"; David Tracy's "T. S. Eliot as Religious Thinker: Four Quartets"; Victor Gourevitch's "Rousseau on Providence"; Joseph N. Frank's "Dostoyevsky's Trojan Horse: A Raw Youth"; Robert B. Pippin's "Henry James and Modern Moral Life"; Conor Cruise O'Brian's "Edmund Burke and Thomas Jefferson: Mutually Antipathetic Minds"; and Saul Bellow's "Problems in American Literature."

Cady, Jack. The American Writer: Shaping a Nation's Mind. New York: St. Martin's, 1999.

Cady explores the lines of sin and original good in American literature, confronts the notion of race, and examines the fantastic in modern fiction. Cady focuses on writers such as Hemingway and Steinbeck, as well as writers who have fallen out of contemporary favor. Cady's volume comments on the nation's literary history as a whole to make sense of the American writer.

Charney, Maurice. Shakespeare on Love and Lust. New York: Columbia UP, 2000.

Charney explores the characteristics of Shakespeare's works that allow them to continually be felt by the contemporary audience. Charney's volume examines the world in which Shakespeare survived and how this world was translated in his works. In addition, Charney investigates the themes of young lovers, and in turn argues that Shakespeare's version of love transcended the physical.

Cousineau, Thomas J. After the Final No: Samuel Beckett's Trilogy. Newark: U of Delaware P, 1999.

Cousineau's volume examines Beckett's major fiction and concentrates on the work that he regarded as his masterpiece: the trilogy of novels Molloy, Malone Dies, and The Unnamable. Cousineau explores the ways in which Beckett reveals each of the key idols to which human beings have looked for protection and guidance. Cousineau discusses each novel in detail, outlining Beckett's planned trilogy from its earliest origins through its composition.

De Somogyi, Nick. Shakespeare's Theatre of War. Brookfield: Ashgate, 1998.

Using military news-letters, war-treatises, maps and manuals, de Somogyi relies on a wide range of contemporary military literature to illustrate how much wartime experience affected the production and reception of Elizabethan theatre. In addition to other Elizabethan works, de Somogyi closely examines Hamlet, a play which both stages the Elizabethan feel of war-fever, and contains in its three variant texts the war and peace that molded its production. De Somogyi offers a compelling argument for reevaluating the drama of Shakespeare and his contemporaries within the context of the military culture and wartime experience.

Downs, M. Catherine. Becoming Modern: Willa Cather's Journalism. Selinsgrove: Susquehanna UP, 1999.

Downs's volume examines Cather in terms of her latent High Modernist tendencies. In addition, Downs explores the ways in which journalism affected the work of Cather. Downs investigates how Cather turned her office routine into early stories and works.

Duncan, James S., and Derek Gregory, eds. Writes of Passage: Reading Travel Writing. New York: Routledge, 1999.

Selections include Duncan and Gregory's "Introduction"; Roxann Wheeler's "Limited Visions of Africa: Geographies of Savagery and Civility in Early Eighteenth-Century Narratives"; Laurie Hovell McMillin's "Enlightenment Travels: The Making of Epiphany in Tibet"; Richard Phillips's "Writing Travel and Mapping Sexuality: Richard Burton's Sotadic Zone"; Alison Blunt's "The Flight from Lucknow: British Women Travelling and Writing Home, 1857-58"; Gregory's "Scripting Egypt: Orientalism and the Cultures of Travel"; Duncan's "Dis-Orientation: On the Shock of the Familiar in a Far-Away Place"; Robert Shannan Peckham's "The Exoticism of the Familiar and the Familiarity of the Exotic: Fin-de-siecle Travellers to Greece"; Michael Brown's "Travelling through the Closet"; and Joanne P. Sharp's "Writing Over the Map of Provence: The Touristic Therapy of A Year in Provence."

Eichelberger, Julia. Prophets of Recognition: Ideology and the Individual in Novels by Ralph Ellison, Toni Morrison, Saul Bellow, and Eudora Welty. Baton Rouge, Louisiana State UP, 1999.

Eichelberger's volume studies Ellison's Invisible Man, Morrison's The Bluest Eye, Bellow's Seize the Day, and Welty's The Optimist's Daughter and their relation to modern American society. Eichelberger examines the novels under different critical lenses to determine the relevance of individual/societal tension. In addition, Eichelberger identifies the concepts of race, ethnicity, gender, region, democracy, and ideology that make these novels American.

Evans, J. Martin. The Miltonic Moment. Lexington: UP of Kentucky, 1998.

Through close readings of On the Morning of Christ's Nativity, A Mask Presented at Ludlow Castle (Comus), and Lycidas, Evans explores the perceptual and cognitive constructs that, in a single moment, represent a beginning and an ending. Evans's volume also traces the shift from Paganism to Christianity, from inexperience to moral maturity, and from pastoral retirement to heroic engagement in Samson Agonistes and Paradise Regained. Evans argues that these kinds of evolutionary shifts are found throughout Milton's poetry and in turn suggests a new way of reading the works of this poet.

Foster, David R. Thoreau's Country: Journey through a Transformed Landscape. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1999.

Foster explores the how the landscape described by Thoreau as an open countryside became forested. Foster provides extensive readings and ecological commentary on Thoreau's perception of landscape and ways in which it has changed over the decades. In addition, Foster posits that through understanding the role of humans in changing the landscape, future generations will be better prepared to conserve it.

Gallup, Donald C. Eugene O'Neill and His Eleven-Play Cycle: "A Tale of Possessors Self-Dispossessed." New Haven: Yale UP, 1998.

Gallup's volume outlines O'Neill's cycle project and why he was not successful. Gallup examines which plays out of the eleven-play cycle O'Neill was satisfied with and comments on the drafts that he destroyed. Gallup explores how the project's failure led to O'Neill's writing of some of his greatest works.

Gardner, Thomas. Regions of Unlikeness: Explaining Contemporary Poetry. Lincoln: U of Nebraska P, 1999.

Drawing upon the work of poets such as Elizabeth Bishop, John Ashbery, Robert Hass, and Jorie Graham, Gardner examines the different ways in which each writer acknowledges the limits of language. In addition, Gardner's volume utilizes the philosophy of Stanley Cavell to view the works of these twentieth-century poets. Gardner argues that these poets attempt to restore the language through a tension-charged drama.

Giannone, Richard. Flannery O'Connor and the Mystery of Love. New York: Fordham Up, 1999.

Giannone explores the novels and short stories of Flannery O'Connor, as well as the writer's various searches for answers to the questions that the works themselves propose. In addition, Giannone comments upon the harshness and violence inherent in O'Connor's work. Giannone traces O'Connor's challenge to the readers, as well as her characters, about theories of love.

Glavin, John. After Dickens: Reading, Adaptation, and Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1999.

Glavin's volume provides a performative reading as well as an examination of the potential for adaptive performance of the novels. Glavin explores the historical in Dickens's novels in relation to the theatre of his time and the hostility that has gone unnoticed. In addition, Glavin offers new ways to stage the fiction as emotionally powerful and critically aware adaptations.

Gleckner, Robert, and Bernard Beatty, eds. The Plays of Lord Byron: Critical Essays. Liverpool: Liverpool UP, 1997.

Selections include David V. Erdman's "Byron's Stage Fright: the History of his Ambition and Fear of Writing for the Stage"; Malcolm Kelsall's "Venice Preserved"; G. Wilson Knight's "'Agonized Self-Conflict': Marino Faliero"; A. B. England's "Byron's Marino Faliero and the Force of Individual Agency"; Jerome Christensen's "Marino Faliero and the Fault of Byron's Satire"; Jerome J. McGann's "'Studiously Greek': The Two Foscari"; Peter J. Manning's "'Suppressed Passion': The Two Foscari"; Caroline Franklin's "'My Hope Was to Bring Forth Heroes': The Two Foscari and the Fostering of Masculine Virtu by [a] Stoical Heroine"; Knight's "'Simple' and 'Bright': Sardanapalus"; Susan J. Wolfson's "'A Problem Few Dare Imitate': Sardanapalus and 'Effeminate Character"'; David Eggenschweiler's "Byron's Cain and the Antimythological Myth"; Wolf Z. Hirst's "Byron's Lapse into Orthodoxy: an Unordothodox Reading of Cain"; Daniel M. McVeigh's "'In Caines Cynne': Byron and the Mark of Cain"; Murray Roston and McGann's "Orthodoxy and Unorthodoxy in Heaven and Earth"; Alan Richardson's "On the Borders of Heaven and Earth"; Charles E. Robinson's "The Devil as Doppelganger in The Deformed Transformed: the Sources and Meaning of Byron's Unfinished Drama"; Danile P. Watkins's "The Ideological Dimensions of Byron's The Deformed Transformed"; and Peter J. Manning's "The Sins of the Fathers: Werner."

Graulich, Melody, and Elizabeth Klimasmith, eds. Exploring Lost Borders: Critical Essays on Mary Austin. Reno: U of Nevada P, 1999.

Selections include Graulich's "Introduction"; Nicole Tonkovich's "At Cross Purposes: Church, State, and Sex in Mary Austin's Isidro"; Mark Hoyer's "Ritual Drama/Dramatic Ritual: Austin's 'Indian Plays"'; Dale Metcalfe's "Singing Like the Indians Do: Mary Austin's Poetry"; Tara Hart's "Serving Suspended Sentences: Mary Austin's Compositions and Explanations"; Anna Carew-Miller's "Between Worlds, Crossing Borders: Mary Austin, Liminality, and the Dilemma of Women's Creativity"; Klimasmith's "A Taste for Center Stage: Consumption and Feminism in A Woman of Genius"; Judy Nolte Temple's "Can the Subalter Ego Speak? Experiences Representing Mary Austin on the Chautauqua Circuit"; Linda K. Karell's "Mary Austin, I-Mary, and Mary-by-Herself: Collaboration in Earth Horizon"; Mark Schlenz' s "Waters of Paradise: Utopia and Hydrology in The Land of Little Rain"; Michelle Campbell Toohey's "Mary Austin's The Land of Little Rain: Remembering the Coyote"; Barney Nelson's "The Flock: An Ecocritical Look at Mary Austin's She ep and John Muir's Hoofed Locusts"; Anne Raine's "'The Man at the Sources': Gender, Capital, and the Conservationist Landscape in Mary Austin's The Ford"; and Craulich' s "Walking Off an Illness? Don't Go West, Young Man: The Construction of Masculinity in Cactus Thorn."

Hanson, Gillian Mary. Understanding Alan Sillitoe. Columbia: U of South Carolina P, 1999.

Through a study of Alan Sillitoe's major novels and short stories, Hanson comments on the influences on the writer and the key themes that mark his narratives. Hanson traces Sillitoe's early life and his evolution as a writer. Hanson posits that Sillitoe' s success as a popular writer was due to his ability to realistically look at universal issues and discuss the dilemmas of those not able to do so themselves.

Herman, Peter C., ed. Opening the Borders: Inclusivity in Early Modern Studies, Essays in Honor of James V. Mirollo. Newark: U Delaware P, 1999.

Selections include Herman's "Introduction: Opening the Borders"; William J. Kennedy's "Is That a Man in Her Dress?: Transvestism, Cuckoldry, and Petrarch' s Sonnet 182 in the Sixteenth Century"; Wayne A. Rebhorn' s "Machiavelli's Vita di Castruccio Castracani: Charismatic Spectacles and the Irony of History"; Mary Ellen Lamb's "Margaret Roper, the Humanist Political Project, and the Problem of Agency"; Herman's "Who's That in the Mirror? Thomas More's Utopia and the Problematic of the New World"; Anne Lake Prescott's "Through the Cultural Chunnel: The (Robert) Greeneing of Louise Labe"; Sherri Geller's "What History Really Teaches: Historical Pyrrhonism in William Baldwin's A Mirror for Magistrates"; Marc Berley's "Jessica's Belmont Blues: Music and Merriment in The Merchant of Venice"; David Scott Kastan's "Shakespeare After Theory"; Ian Frederick Moulton's "Bawdy Politic: Renaissance Republicanism and the Discourse of Pricks"; Pamela Joseph Benson's "To Play the Man: Aemilia Lanyer and the Acquisition of Pa tronage"; Ernest B. Gilman's "The Arts of Sympathy: Dr. Harvey, Sir Kenelm Digby, and the Arundel Circle"; Thomas M. Greene's "Enchanting Ravishments: Magic and Counter-Magic in Comus"; and Martin Elsky's "Church History and the Cultural Geography of Eric Auerbach: Europe and Its Eastern Other."

Holderness, Graham. Shakespeare: The Histories. New York: St. Martin's, 2000.

Holderness's volume explores Shakespeare's historical dramas from a social and cultural perspective. Holderness argues that the plays show a history that is far removed from their own time, creating a sense of alienation. In addition, Holderness approaches early modern sources from the standpoint of modern theory and views formed by re-readings of the past.

Kilcup, Karen L., and Thomas S. Edwards, eds. Jewett and Her Contemporaries: Reshaping the canon. Gainesville: UP of Florida, 1999.

Selections include Kilcup and Edwards's "Confronting Time and Change: Jewett, Her Contemporaries, and Her Critics"; Marjorie Pryse's "Sex, Class, and 'Category Crisis': Reading Jewett's Transitivity"; Donna M. Campbell's "'In Search of Local Color': Context, Controversy, and The Country of the Pointed Firs"; Melissa Homestead's "'Links of Similitude': The Narrator of The Country of the Pointed Firs and Author-Reader Relations at the End of the Nineteenth Century"; Paul R. Petrie's "'To Make Them Acquainted with One Another': Jewett, Howells, and the Dual Aesthetic of Deephaven"; Judith Bryant Wittenberg's "Challenge and Compliance: Textual Strategies in A Country Doctor and Nineteenth-Century American Women's Medical Autobiographies"; Marcia B. Littenberg's "From Transcendentalism to Ecofeminism: Celia Thaxter and Sarah Orne Jewett's Island Views Revisited"; Ann Romines's "The Professor and the Pointed Firs: Cather, Jewett, and Problems of Editing"; Priscilla Leder' s "Visions of New England: The Anxiety of J ewett's Influence on Ethan Frome"; Mitzi Schrag's "'Whiteness' as Loss in Sarah Orne Jewett's 'The Foreigner"'; Alison Easton's "'How Clearly the Gradations of Society Were Defined': Negotiating Class in Sarah Orne Jewett"; Sarah Way Sherman's "Party Out of Bounds: Gender and Class in Jewett's 'The Best China Saucer"'; Graham Frater's "'A Brave Happiness': Rites and Celebrations in Jewett's Ordered Past"; Patti Capel Swartz's "We Do Not All Go Two by Two; Or, Abandoning the Ark"; and Carol Schachinger's "Sarah Orne Jewett's Maine: A Journey Back."

Kirschten, Robert. Approaching Prayer: Ritual and the Shape of Myth in A. R. Ammons and James Dickey. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 1998.

Kirschten's volume examines how A. R. Ammons and James Dickey utilize myth and ritual in creating their art. In addition, Kirschten concentrates on Ammons's Ommateum and Dickey's The Eye-Beaters, Blood, Victory, Madness, and Buckhead and Mercy in an investigation of myth and religion. Kirschten argues that Ammons and Dickey's work contrasts in emotion, method, and format, but their poetry shares ancient ceremonial strategies that require close comparison with a plurality of religious traditions.

Kroll, Richard, ed. The English Novel: Smollett to Austen. New York: Addison Wesley Longman, 1998.

Selections include Kroll's "Introduction"; George Starr's "'Only a Boy': Notes on Sentimental Novels"; Margaret Anne Doody's "Deserts, Ruins and Troubled Waters: Female Dreams in Fiction and the Development of the Gothic Novel"; John Barrell's "A Diffused Picture, an Uniform Plan: Roderick Random in the Labyrinth of Britain"; Robert Folkenflik's "Self and Society: Comic Union in Humphry Clinker"; Jonathan Lamb's "The Comic Sublime and Sterne's Fiction"; Carol Kay's "The Sentimental Journey: Purposeful Play"; Ian P. Watt's "Time and Family in the Gothic Novel: The Castle of Otranto"; Julia Epstein's "Cecilia: Money and Anarchy"; Mary Poovey's "Mary Wollstonecraft: The Gender of Genres in Late-Eighteenth-Century England"; Donald R. Wehrs's "Rhetoric, History, Rebellion: Caleb Williams and the Subversion of Eighteenth-Century Fiction"; Marilyn Butler's "The Juvenilia and NorthangerAbbey"; and Claudia L. Johnson's "The Juvenilia and Northanger Abbey: The Authority of Men and Books."

Leggett, B. 3. Larkin 's Blues: Jazz, Popular Music, and Poetry. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 1999.

Leggett's volume explores to what end Larkin's "jazz life" penetrates his poetry and how it questions the convergence of music and poetry. Utilizing jazz and blues criticism and discourses on artists such as Sidney Bechet, Louis Armstrong, King Oliver, Cole Porter, Bob Dylan, and the Beatles, Leggett provides proof of the intertextuality inherent in Larkin's poetry. Leggett also explores Larkin's antimodernist stance by examining the place of jazz and other forms of popular music in his texts to offer a look at Larkin's jazz aesthetic and his conception of twentieth-century art.

Levenback, Karen L. Virginia Woolf and the Great War. Syracuse: Syracuse Up, 1999.

Levenback's volume concentrates on Woolf's awareness of the war and how it affected the generation of her fictional characters. Through readings of Mrs. Dalloway, To the Lighthouse, and The Years, Levenback comments upon Woolf's place as a war novelist. Levenback also portrays Woolf as a profound thinker and writer on the social and cultural effects of war.

Levine, Caroline, and Mark W. Turner, eds. From Author to Text: Re-Reading George Eliot's Romnola. Brookfield: Ashgate, 1998.

Selections include Levine and Turner's "Introduction"; Turner's "George Eliot v. Frederic Leighton: Whose Text Is It Anyway?"; Andrew Brown's "The Texts of Romola"; Shona Elizabeth Simpson's "Mapping Romola: Physical Space, Women's Place"; Julian Corner's "'Telling the Whole': Trauma, Drifting and Reconciliation in Romola"; Susan M. Bernardo's "From Romola to Rornola: The Complex of Act of Naming"; David Carroll's "George Eliot Martyrologist: The Case of Savonarola"; Beryl Gray's "Power and Persuasion: Voices of Influence in Romola"; Levine's "The Prophetic Fallacy: Realism, Foreshadowing and Narrative Knowledge in Romola"; Chris Greenwood's "'An Imperceptible Start': The Sight of Humanity in Romola"; and Leonee Ormond's "Angels and Archangels: Romola and the Paintings of Florence."

Luckhurst, Roger, and Peter Marks, eds. Literature and the Contemporary: Fictions and Theories of the Present. New York: Pearson Education, 1999.

Selections include Luckhurst and Marks's "Hurry Up Please It's Time: Introducing the Contemporary"; Steven Connor's "The Impossibility of the Present: Or, from the Contemporary to the Contemporal"; Peter Osborne's "The Politics of Time"; Thomas Docherty's "Now, Here, This"; Wendy Wheeler's "Melancholic Modernity and Contemporary Grief: The Novels of Graham Swift"; Luckhurst's "Memory Recovered/Recovered Memory"; Nicola King's "'We Come After': Remembering the Holocaust"; Bill Ashcroft's "The Rhizome of Postcolonial Discourse"; Mpalive Msiska's "The Dialectic of Myth and History in the Postcolonial Contemporary: Soyinka's A Dance of the Forests"; Caroline Rooney's "The Gender Differential, Again and Not Yet"; Carol Watts's "Back to the Future: Revisiting Kristeva's 'Women's Time"'; Andrew Gibson's "Crossing the Present: Narrative, Alterity and Gender in Postmodern Fiction"; and Mandy Merck's "The Queer Spirit of the Age."

Lupack, Alan, and Barbara Tepa Lupack. King Arthur in America. Rochester: D. S. Brewer, 1999.

Lupack and Lupack's volume examines the appeal of Arthurian legends in America through the ways that Americans democratized the "Matter of Britain" and incorporated Arthurian legend into Americas's own mythologies. In addition, Lupack and Lupack concentrate on American re-interpretations of Arthuriana through the works of James Russell Lowell, Mark Twain, Edwin Arlington Robinson, T. S. Eliot and John Steinbeck. Lupack and Lupack's study also discusses the Arthurian themes in American popular fiction and film, as well as in American popular culture.

MacFadyen, David. Joseph Brodsky and the Baroque. Quebec City: McGill-Queen's UP, 1998.

MacFadyen's volume explores the effect of a Baroque aesthetic on the work of Joseph Brodsky. MacFadyen presents a compelling and comprehensive examination of Brodsky's poetry and prose in the context of a fascinating overview of some problems of post-Soviet aesthetics. Drawing from the works of John Donne, Kierkegaard, and _estov, MacFadyen shows how these works influenced a Baroque evolution in Brodsky's development.

McGavin, John J. Chaucer and Dissimilarity: Literary Comparisons in Chaucer and Other Late-Medieval Writing. Cranbury: Associated UP, 2000.

McGavin claims that Chaucer's mid-career pieces are empowered by a recognition that, although comparison is central to understanding and is present in all language use, it is ambivalent because dissimilarities are always latent in any claims for similarity. In addition, McGavin posits that Chaucer's conception of literary language is essentially similaic rather than tropological, a matter of contested judgments about dissimilarity rather than the deferral or twisting of meaning itself. This volume also examines the three medieval figures of comparison, imago, similitudo, and exemplum, as a web of interrelated devices which operate at different levels in his work from the individual image through thematics and narrative structure to metapoetics.

McLoone, George H. Milton's Poetry of independence: Five Studies. Cranbury: Associated UP, 1999.

McLoone's analysis explores patterns of ecclesiological and affective imagery in five poems by Milton. Examining Lycidas, the Twenty-Third Sonnet, Paradise Lost, Paradise Regain'd, and Samson Agonistes, McLoone concentrates on how the provocations of establishmentarian authority are answered by the emerging consciousness of the true believer. McLoone's volume explains how Milton's ecclesiastical nonconformity and his Puritan Independency had important uses in his poetic art.

Michie, Allen. Richardson and Fielding: The Dynamics of a Critical Rivalry. Cranbury: Associated UP, 1999.

Michie's study tackles the rivalry between Richardson and Fielding, one of literature's most persistent and influential rivalries. Using an adaptation of Hans Jauss's reception theory, Michie explores the recurring dichotomies projected onto Richardson and Fielding by all types of eighteenth-, nineteenth-, and twentieth-century readers.

Mickel, Lesley. Ben Jonson 's Antimasques: A History of Growth and Decline. Brookfield: Ashgate, 1999.

Mickel explores in detail those court entertainments which contributed significantly to the genre's evolution and development. In addition, Mickel compares these court entertainments in relation to Jonson's poetry and dramatic works, exposing some idea of the way in which Jonson perceived the relationship between satire and panegyric, as well as highlighting the related, if oppositional, views of state power which he expresses in the Roman plays and in the masques. This volume fuses formalist and historicist methodologies to reflect Mickel's view of the antimasques as determined both by their author's poetic and political aims, as well as by the conditions of their production.

Mortimer, Anthony. Variable Passions: A Reading of Shakespeare's Venus and Adonis. New York: AMS, 2000.

Mortimer's volume elucidates the poem's startling shifts in tone, its subtle means of continuity, and its witty inversion of gender roles. In addition, Mortimer explores Venus and Adonis not only in relation to its Ovidian source, but also to the whole tradition of Venus and Adonis poems throughout history.

Natarajan, Uttara. Hazlitt and the Reach of Sense: Criticism, Morals, and the Metaphysics of Power. New York: Oxford UP, 1998.

Natarajan explores the political prose of Hazlitt and analyzes the metaphysical Hazlitt within the other. Examining Hazlitt's development of the power principle as a counter to the pleasure principle of the Utilitarians, this volume studies the revelation of power in his philosophy of discourse, his account of imaginative structure, his theory of genius, and his moral theory. Natarajan also argues the tenacity of this principlc throughout his work.

Neville, Jennifer. Representations of the Natural World in Old English Poetry Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1999.

Neville explores the descriptions of the natural world in a variety of Old English poetry. Through an examination of animals, diseases, landscapes, seas, and weather, Neville's study traces the experiences of the Anglo-Saxons with the natural world. Neville posits that the weather described in their poetry did not reflect the conditions in which they lived, but was utilized as a poetic device in order to comment on the human condition in general.

O'Rourke, James. Keats's Odes: Contemporary Criticism. Gainesville: UP of Florida, 1998.

O'Rourke explores how modern reception of Keats's major odes shows the investments made in these poems by generations of critical schools, such as New Criticism, psychoanalysis, deconstruction, and New Historicism. O'Rourke also places Keats's work within the contexts of literary and cultural history and revives the innovative force of the poems in a way that complements the aesthetics and the politics of the present. In establishing how the poems challenge the reader with familiar ideas, O'Rourke demonstrates how the Romantic themes become culturally coded as "female."

Orr, Leonard, and Ted Billy, eds. A Joseph Conrad Companion. Westport: Greenwood, 1999.

Selections include Orr's "Biography"; Frederick R. Karl's "Letters"; Orr's "Almayer's Folly (1895) and An Outcast of the Islands (1896)"; Brian W. Shaffer' s "The Nigger of 'Narcissus' (1897)"; Billy's "Heart of Darkness (1899)"; Orr's "Lord Jim (1900)"; Susan Staker's "Youth (1902) and Typhoon (1903)"; John X. Cooper's "Nostromo (1904)"; Stephen Arata's "The Secrt Agent (1907)"; Paul Hollywood's "Under Western Eyes (1911)"; Debra Romanick's "Victory (1916) and The Shadow-Line (1916)"; Allan Simmons's "The Later Novels: Chance (1913), The Arrow of Gold (1919), The Rescue (1920), The Rover (1923), and Suspense (1925)"; Billy's "The Short Fiction: Tales of Unrest(1898),A Set of Six (1908), 'Twixt Land and Sea (1912), Within the Tides (1915), and Tales of Hearsay (1925)"; and Ray Stevens's "Essays and Memoirs: The Mirror of the Sea (1906), A Personal Record (1912), Notes on Life and Letters (1921), and Last Essays (1926)."

Pechter, Edward. Othello and Interpretive Traditions. Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1999.

Pechter's study explores the design and effects of Shakespeare's Othello in relation to its power to confront the interests of the audience and readers throughout history. Pechter argues that the play equally divides the action of the plot between the protagonist and antagonist. Pechter believes that this structure strains the theatrical production, as well as constitutes a continuous refusal to allow Othello's and Iago's equivalent attractive power.

Phillips, Helen. An Introduction to the canterbury Tales: Reading, Fiction, Context. New York: St. Martin's, 2000.

Phillips's volume contains full readings of each tale, together with an exposition of their historical and literary context that furnishes both a clear critical and historical guide to all the diverse aspects of the Canterbury Tales. Phillips exhibits Chaucer as an author who embeds the social tensions of his day in the very texture of his writing and narrative structures. Among the issues explored are the challenge of lower-class aspirations to established authority and power, the rise of commerce, revolution within the Catholic Church, and Christian Europe's attitudes towards Islam and Judaism.

Quema, Anne. The Agon of Modernism: Wyndham Lewis's Allegories, Aesthetics, and Politics. Lewisburg: Bucknell UP, 1999.

Quema provides a detailed examination of Wyndham Lewis's allegories, aesthetics, and politics that positions him as a central figure of modernism. Quema also distinguishes the presence of modernist contradictions between Lewis's fiction and his nonfiction, as well as explores Lewis's modernist response to the erosion of traditional patriarchism. In addition, Quema argues that Lewis's political texts exude attributes usually associated with avant-gardism.

Rahn, Suzanne. The Wizard of Oz: Shaping an Imaginary World. New York: Twayne, 1998.

Rahn's volume explores the appeal of Frank Baum's The Wizard of Oz and its influence on modern concepts of the imagination. Throughout this study Rahn addresses the historical, political, and literary forces that shaped Baum's creative processes. Rahn also investigates the discrepancies between the film version and the written version, arguing that the film diminishes Dorothy's power as a heroine.

Railey, Kevin. Natural Aristocracy: History, Ideology, and the Production of William Faulkner. Tuscaloosa: U of Alabama P, 1999.

Utilizing a materialist critical approach, Railey historicizes Faulkner's authorial identity. In addition, Railey examines how Faulkner was affected by the sociohistorical constructs that surrounded him and how history affected his work. Railey argues that Faulkner wrote himself into history as he saw himself: as a natural, artistic aristocrat.

Rawlings, Peter, ed. Americans on Shakespeare. Brookfield: Ashgate, 1999.

Selections include Rawlings's "Introduction: Shakespeare Migrates to America"; Moses Coit Tyler's "The Pausing American Loyalist"; Washington Irving's "The Boar's Head Tavern, East Cheap: A Shakesperian Research"; Irving's "Stratfordon-Avon"; James Fenimore Cooper's "Notions of the Americans"; John Quincy Adams's "Misconceptions of Shakspeare upon the Stage"; Henry D. Thoreau's "Advantages and Disadvantages of Foreign Influence on American Literature"; George Bancroft's "On the Progress of Civilization"; Orestes A. Brownson's "Literary Vassals"; Brownson's "Emerson"; Jones Very's "Shakespeare"; Irving's "The Bermudas: A Shakesperian Research"; Ralph Waldo Emerson's "Shakespeare; or, The Poet"; A. O. Kellogg's "Shakspeare and Insanity"; Edgar Allan Poe's "A Review of William Hazlitt's The Characters of Shakspeare"; Joseph C. Hart's "The Romance of Yachting"; H. N. Hudson's "Alleged Immorality"; "Shakspeare in America"; Herman Melville's "Hawthorne and his Mosses"; Delia Bacon's William Shakespeare and his Play s"; Nathaniel Hawthorne's "Preface to Delia Bacon's The Philosophy of the Plays of Shakspere Unfolded"; Bacon's "The Philosophy of the Plays of Shakspere Unfolded"; Hawthorne's "Recollections of a Gifted Woman"; Abraham Lincoln's "A Letter from President Lincoln to Mr. Hackett: August 17, 1863"; Emerson's "Shakespeare"; Oliver Wendell Holmes's "Shakspeare"; "Why We Have No Shakespearean Scholars"; Nathaniel Holms's "Philosopher and Poet"; Anna C. Brackett's "A Thought on Shakespeare"; James Russell Lowell's "Shakespeare Once More"; Mary Preston's "Coriolanus"; William Cullen Bryant's "Two Speeches"; Walt Whitman's "Democratic Vistas"; Bryant's "On the Unveiling of Shakespeare's Statue in Central Park"; E. O. Vaile's "The Shakespeare-Bacon Company"; J. H. Gilmore's "How Shall We Spell Sh-k-sp-r's Name?"; Henry James's "In Warwickshire"; Whitman's "Poetry To-day in America--Shakspere--The Future"; Richard Grant White's "The Anatomizing of William Shakespeare"; Whitman's "What Lurks Behind Shakspere's Historical Plays?"; Whitman's "A Thought on Shakspere"; William Winter's "Introduction to The Taming of the Shrew"; Augustin Daly's "An Additional Word on The Taming of the Shrew"; Whitman's "A Backward Glance O'er Travel'd Roads"; Whitman's "George Fox (and Shakspere)"; Johnathan Trumbull's "The Whitman Shakespeare Question"; Winter's "Edwin Booth"; Henry Cabot Lodge's "Shakespeare's Americanisms"; Mark Twain's "Barnum and Shakespeare"; Frank M. Bristol's "New World Discoveries"; George B. Churchill's "Shakespeare in America"; James's "Introduction to The Tempest"; James's "The Response of Concord"; Twain's "Is Shakespeare Dead?"; Winter's "Shakespeare Spells Ruin"; Brander Matthews's "Shakspere and his Audience"; Charles William Wallace's "Shakespeare and America: The Perpetual Ambassador of the English-Speaking World"; Charles Mill Gayley's "Shakespeare and the Founders of Liberty in America"; and Ashley Thorndike's "Shakespeare in America."

Robbins, Ruth, and Julian Woifreys, eds. Victorian Gothic: Literary and Cultural Manifestations in the Nineteenth century. London: Palgrave, 2000.

Selections include Robbins and Wolfreys's "Preface: 'I Could a Tale Unfold' or, the Promise of Gothic"; James R. Kincaid's "Designing Gounnet Children or, KIDS FOR DINNER!"; Victor Sage's "Resurrecting the Regency: Horror and Eighteenth-Century Comedy in Le Fanu's Fiction"; Woifreys' s "'I Wants to Make your Flesh Creep': Notes toward a Reading of the Comic-Gothic in Dickens"; R. J. C. Watt's "Hopkins and the Gothic Body"; J. A. George's "From King Arthur to Sidonia the Sorceress: The Dual Nature of Pre-Raphaelite Medievalism"; Alison Chapman's "Mary Elizabeth Coleridge, Literary Influence, and Technologies of the Uncanny"; Marion Wynee-Davies's "The 'Anxious Dream': Julia Margaret Cameron's Gothic Perspective"; Roger Luckhurst's "Trance-Gothic, 1882-1897"; Kenneth Womack's "'Withered, Wrinkled, and Loathsome of Visage': Reading the Ethics of the Soul and the Late-Victorian Gothic in The Picture of Dorian Gray"; Robbins's "Apparitions Can Be Deceptive: Vernon Lee's Androgynous Spectres"; Peter Morey's "Gothic and Supernatural: Allegories at Work and Play in Kipling's Indian Fiction"; and Richard Pearson's "Archacology and Gothic Desire: Vitality Beyond the Grave in H. Rider Haggard's Ancient Egypt."

Rogers, Pat. The Text of Great Britain: Theme and Design in Defoe's Tour. Cranbury: Associated UP, 1998.

Rogers places Defoe's text into the historical context of travel writing and the development of a literature of tourism. In addition to exploring the design of the work and the ways in which its formal structure supports Defoe's intellectual attitudes, Rogers examines the circumstances of its writing, the novel's style, and the historical and ideological bearings of the work. Rogers considers the volume's recurrent images and rhetorical devices; the presence of a pervasive Georgic motif, derived from Virgil; and the techniques used to convey a sense of spatial movement.

Romine, Scott. The Narrative Forms of Southern Community. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 1999.

Romine's volume explores the contradiction between the cohesiveness and moral strength of southern communities and the visible signs of oppression from race and class lines. In addition, Romine comments on the constructs of the southern community in relation to southern literary criticism. Through close readings of Augustus Baldwin Longstreet's Georgia Scenes, John Pendleton Kennedy's Swallow Barn, Thomas Nelson Page's In Ole Virginia, William Alexander Percy's Lanterns on the Levee, and William Faulkner's Light in August, Romine discusses the social tensions exuded from the fictive worlds represented in their texts.

Sanders, Julie. Ben Jonson's Theatrical Republics. New York: St. Martin's, 1998.

Sanders's volume examines Ben Jonson's Jacobean and Caroline plays in order to address the republican philosophy inherent in his work. Sanders contends that Jonson's plays utilize republic settings in order to promote republican politics, as well as to advocate notions of community and communalism. In addition, Sanders argues that Jonson's plays confront the idea that writers of the time were conservative, absolutist, and misogynist.

Selden, Raman, and Stan Smith, eds. Chaucer: The Canterbury Tales. New York: Addison Wesley Longman, 1998.

Selections include H. Marshall Leicester, Jr.'s "Structure as Deconstruction: 'Chaucer and Estates Satire' in the General Prologue, or Reading Chaucer as a Prologue in the History of Disenchantment"; Mark A. Sherman's "The Politics of Discourse in Chaucer's Knight's Tale" Peggy Knapp's "Robyn the Miller's Thrifty Work"; Carolyn Dinshaw's "The Law of Man and Its 'Abhomynacions'"; Arthur Lindley's "'Vanysshed Was Thiis Daunce, He Nyste Where': Alisoun's Absence in the Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale"; Elaine Tuttle Hansen's "The Power of Silence: The Case of the Clerk's Griselda"; Carolyn P. Collette's "Umberto Eco, Semiotics, and the Merchant's Tale"; John Stephens and Marcella Ryan's "Metafictional Strategies and the Theme of Sexual Power in the Wife of Bath's and Franklin's Tales"; Lee Patterson's "The Subject of Confession: The Pardoner and the Rhetoric of Penance"; Elizabeth Robertson's "Aspects of Female Piety in the Prioress's Tale"; Britton J. Harwood's "Signs and/as Origin: Chaucer's Nun's Priest's Ta le"; and Paul Strohm's "From: A Mixed Commonwealth of Style."

Semler, L. E. The English Mannerist Poets and the Visual Arts. Cranbury: Associated UP, 1998.

Semler's study starts with a comprehensive, historical definition of Mannerism in the visual arts from which he procures four key terms that constitute the nucleus of the aesthetic: technical precision, elegance, grazia, and the difficulta: facilita formula. In addition to discussing English poets' verse in relation to the key Mannerist principles, Semler maps the evolution of style from Donne to Marvell. By utilizing principles of English and Continental visual arts and visual art-theory as critical tools, Semler argues for the existence of an English Mannerist poetic.

Senf, Carol. Dracula: Between Tradition and Modernism. New York: Twayne, 1998.

Senf's volume examines the historical context, as well as investigates Stoker's reply to the New Woman, homosexuality, and nostalgia for a simpler past. In addition, Senf posits that Dracula was a reaction to its era. Utilizing several modes of critcism, such as psychoanalytic, science studies, cultural studies, feminist, and queer theory, Senf attempts to bring together a traditional world view with a uniquely modern one.

Shaw, Harry E. Narrating Reality: Austen, Scott, Eliot. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1999.

Shaw's volume examines nineteenth-century realist fiction and readers' comprehension of it. Shaw devotes particular attention to the role of the narrator and engages the denigration of realism that has become critical rule in recent decades. Utilizing the criticism of Erich Auerbach, Jurgen Habermas, and J. L. Austin, Shaw contends that realist novels assert that they do not copy the world, but only take the reader on a narrative journey of understanding the complexities of life in history.

Shreiber, Maeera, and Keith Tuma, eds. Mina Loy: Woman and Poet. Hanover: UP of New England, 1998.

Selections include Shreiber and Tuma's "Introduction"; Eric Murphy Selinger's "Love in the Time of Melancholia"; Rachel Blau DuPlessis's "'Seismic Orgasm': Sexual Intercourse and Narrative Meaning in Mina Loy"; Peter Quartermain's "'The Tattle of Tongueplay': Mina Loy's Love Songs"; Shreiber's "'Love is a Lyric/of Bodies': The Negative Aesthetics of Mina Loy's Love Songs to Joannes"; Jeffrey Twitchell-Waas's "'Little Lusts and Lucidities': Reading Mina Loy's Love Songs"; Marjorie Perloff's "English As A 'Second' Language: Mina Loy's 'Anglo-Mongrels and the Rose"'; Elisabeth Frost's "Mina Loy's 'Mongrel' Poetics"; Tuma's "Mina Loy's 'Anglo-Mongrels and the Rose"'; Mina Loy's "Interview with Paul Blackburn and Robert Vas Dias: Introduction by Carolyn Burke"; Roger Conover's "(Re) Introducing Mina Loy"; Susan Gilmore "Imna, Ova, Mongrel, Spy: Anagram and Imposture in the Work of Mina Loy"; Anita Helle's "Playing with Elegy: Mina Loy's Poetry of Mourning"; Tyrus Miller's "'Everyman His Own Fluroscope': Mina Loy's Insel Between Aura and Image Machine"; Ellen Keck Stauder's "Mina Loy on Brancusi and the Futurists"; Janet Lyon's "Mina Loy's Pregnant Pauses: The Space of Possibility in the Florence Writings"; Marisa Januzzi's "Mongrel Rose: The 'Unerring Esperanto' of Loy's Poetry"; Susan E. Dunn's "Mina Loy, Fashion, and the Avant-Garde"; Richard Cook's "The 'Infinitarian' and her 'Macro-Cosmic Presence': The Question of Loy and Christian Science"; Shreiber's "Divine Women, Fallen Angels: The Late Devotional Poetry of Mina Loy"; Katheen Fraser's "'Contingent Circumstances': Mina Loy/Basil Bunting"; Normal Cole's "A Few Words About Mina Loy"; Barbara Guest's "Note on Mina Loy"; DuPlessis's "A Letter on Loy"; Anne Waldman's "Tantrik Loy"; and Januzzi' s "A Bibliography of Works By and About Mina Loy."

Terry, Richard, ed. James Thomson: Essays for the Tercentenary. Liverpool: Liverpool UP, 2000.

Selections include Terry's "Introduction: Thomson's 'Fame"'; Brean S. Hammond's "'O Sophonisba! Sophonisba O!': Thomson the Tragedian"; W. B. Hutchings's "'Can Pure Description Hold the Place of Sense?': Thomson's Landscape Poetry"; Robert Inglesfield's "Thomson and Shaftesbury"; Glynis Ridley's "The Seasons and the Politics of Opposition"; Robin Dix's "James Thomson and the Progress of the Progress Poem: From Liberty to The Castle of Indolence"; Terry's "Thomson and the Druids"; Gerard Carruthers's "James Thomson and Eighteenth-Century Scottish Literary Identity"; Tim Fulford's "Britannia's Heart of Oak: Thomson, Garrick and the Language of Eighteenth-Century Patriotism"; John Barrell Harriet Guest's "Thomson in the 1790s"; and John Strachan's "'That is true fame': A Few Words about Thomson's Romantic Period Popularity."

Thormahlen, Marianne. The Brontes and Religion. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1999.

Thormahlen examines how the Brontes' contended with contemporary debates on doctrinal, ethical, and ecclesiastical issues in their novels. In addition, Thormahlen comments upon the interplay between human and divine love. Thormahlen explores the tenets of Evangelical Anglicanism and spiritual freedom in the Brontes' novels.

Tintuer, Adeline R. Edith Wharton in Context: Essays on Intertextuality. Tuscaloosa: U of Alabama P, 1999.

Selections include "The 'Fictioning' of Henry James in Wharton's 'The Hermit and the Wild Woman' and 'Ogrin the Hermit"'; "The Give-and-Take between Edith Wharton and Henry James: 'The Velvet Glove' and Edith Wharton"; "The Metamorphoses of Edith Wharton in Henry James's Finer Grain Stories"; "Jamesian Structures in The Age of Innocence and Related Stories"; "'Bad' Mothers and Daughters in the Fiction of Wharton and James"; "Wharton and James: Some Additional Literary Give-and-Take"; "Henry James's 'Julia Bride': A Source for Chapter 9 in Edith Wharton's The Custom of the Country"; "Edith Wharton and Paul Bourget: Literary Exchanges"; "The Portrait of Edith in Bourget's 'L'Indicatrice"'; "Madame de Treymes Corrects Bourget's Un Divorce"; "Two Novels of the 'Relatively Poor': George Gissing's New Grub Street and The House of Mirth"; "Edith Wharton and F. Marion Crawford"; "Edith Wharton and Grace Aguilar: Mothers, Daughters, and Incest in the Late Novels of Edith Wharton"; "Edith Wharton, Ernest Hemingway, and Vivienne de Watteville, Speak to the Earth"; "Hugh Walpole's All Souls' Night and Edith Wharton's 'All Souls"'; "Consuelo Vanderbilt, John Esquemeling, and The Buccaneers";' "False Dawn and the Irony of Taste Changes in Art"; "Correggio and Rossetti in The Buccaneers: Tradition and Revolution in the Patterns of Love"; "Tiepolo's Ceiling in the Church of the Scalzi and The Glimpses of the Moon: The Importance of Home"; "A Poet's Version of Edith Wharton: Richard Howard's The Lesson of the Master"; "Louis Auchincloss Deconstructs the Biography of Edith Wharton: From Invented Ediths to Her Real Self: Justice to Teddy Wharton in 'The Arbiter"'; "The Punishment of Morton Fullerton in 'The "Fulfillment" of Grace Eliot"'; Morton Fullerton's View of the Affair in 'They That Have Power To Hurt"'; "The 'Real' Mrs. Wharton in The Education of Oscar Fairfax"; "Edith Wharton as Herself in Carol DeChellis Hill's Henry James's Midnight Song"; "Cathleen Schine's The Love Letter"; "Louis Auchincloss Reinvents Edith Wharton's 'After Holbein"'; "Daniel Magida's The Rules of Seduction and The Age of Innocence"; "Lev Raphael's The Edith Wharton Murders"; and "A Book and Four Friends: Henry James, Walter Berry, Edith Wharton, and W. Morton Fullerton."

Tromp, Marlene, Pamela K. Gilbert, and Aeron Haynie, eds. Beyond Sensation: Mary Elizabeth Braddon in Context. Albany: State U of New York P, 2000.

Selections include James R. Kincaid's "Foreword"; Tromp, Gilbert, and Haynie's "Introduction"; Elizabeth Langland's "Enclosure Acts: Framing Women's Bodies in Braddon's Lady Audley's Secret"; Gail Turley Houston's "Braddon's Commentaries on the Trials and Legal Secrets of Audley Court"; Lillian Nayder's "Rebellious Sepoys and Bigamous Wives: The Indian Mutiny and Marriage Law Reform in Lady Audley 's Secret"; Katherine Montwieler's "Marketing Sensation: Lady Audley's Secret and Consumer Culture"; Haynie's "'An idle handle that was never turned, and a lazy rope so rotten': The Decay of the Country Estate in Lady Audley's Secret"; Jeni Curtis's "The Espaliered Girl: Pruning the Docile Body in Aurora Floyd"; Tromp's "The Dangerous Woman: M. E. Braddon's Sensational (En)gendering of Domestic Law"; Toni Johnson-Woods's "Mary Elizabeth Braddon in Australia: Queen of the Colonies"; Jennifer Carnell and Graham Law's "'Our Author': Braddon in the Provincial Weeklies"; Heidi J. Holder's "Misalliance: M. E. Braddon's Wr iting for the Stage"; Gilbert's "Braddon and Victorian Realism: Joshua Haggard's Daughter"; Tabitha Sparks's "Fiction Becomes Her: Representations of Female Character in Mary Braddon's The Doctor's Wife"; Lauren M. E. Goodlad's "'Go and Marry Your Doctor': Fetishism and 'Redundance' at the Fin de Siecle and the Vampires of 'Good Lady Ducayne"'; Eve M. Lynch's "Spectral Politics: M. E. Braddon and the Spirits of Social Reform"; Heidi H. Johnson's "Electra-fying the Female Sleuth: Detecting the Father in Eleanor's Victory and Thou Art the Man"; and Lyn Pyket's "Afterword."

Upton, Lee. The Muse of Abandonment: Origin, identity, and Mastery in Five American Poets. Lewisburg: Bucknell UP, 1999.

Upton's volume explores personal and cultural forms of abandonment in the poetry of Charles Wright, Russell Edson, Jean Valentine, James Tate, and Louise Gluck. In addition to examining the ways in which this poetry is inscribed with the frustration of being rendered subject to culturally assigned patterns of perception and cognition, Upton also studies a conflicting impulse in this poetry: the imagination of liberty from the control of others and an audacious dissolution of identity boundaries.

Vanausdall, Jeanette. Pride and Protest: The Novel in Indiana. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society, 1999.

Vanausdall's study examines the themes in American literature that are represented by Indiana fiction. Exploring such texts as Eunice Beecher's From Dawn to Daylight, Edward Eggleston's The Hoosier School-Master, Charles Major's When Knighthood Was in Flower, and James Maccirce Thompson's Alice of Old Vincennes, among others, Vanausdall studies the profound and fundamental ways of Indiana.

Wagner-Martin, Linda, ed. Ernest Hemingway: Seven Decades of Criticism. East Lansing: Michigan State UP, 1998.

Selections include Wagner-Martin's "Introduction"; Gertrude Stein's "Review of Three Stories and Ten Poems (1923)"; D. H. Lawrence's "Review of In Our Time (1927)"; Paul Smith's "From the Waste Land to the Garden with the Elliots (1989)"; Amy Lovell Strong's "Screaming through Silence: The Violence of Race in 'Indian Camp' and 'The Doctor and the Doctor's Wife' (1996)"; Thomas Strychacz's "Dramatizations of Manhood in Hemingway's In Our Time and The Sun Also Rises (1989)"; Sibbie O'Sullivan's "Love and Friendship/Man and Woman in The Sun Also Rises (1988)"; Pamela Smiley's "Gender-Linked Miscommunication in 'Hills Like White Elephants' (1988)"; Wright Morris's "Ernest Hemingway (1978)"; Terrence Doody's "Hemingway's Style and Jake's Narration (1974)"; George Montiero's "Ernest Hemingway, Psalmist (1987)"; Elizabeth Dewberry Vaughan's "In Our Time as Self-Begetting Fiction (1989)"; Lisa Tyler's "Passion and Grief in A Farewell to Arms: Ernest Hemingway's Retelling of Wuthering Heights (1995)"; Jamie Barlowe-Kayes's "Re-Reading Women: The Example of Catherine Barkley (1993)"; James L. Kastely's "Toward a Politically Responsible Ethical Criticism: Narrative in The Political Unconscious and For Whom the Bell Tolls"; Louis A. Renza's "The Importance of Being Ernest"; Debra A Moddelmog's "Reconstructing Hemingway's Identity: Sexual Politics, The Author, and the Multicultural Classroom (1993)"; Malcolm O. Magaw's "The Fusion of History and Immediacy: Hemingway's Artist-Hero in The Garden of Eden (1987)"; Robert E. Fleming's "The Endings of Hemingway's The Garden of Eden (1989)"; Kathy Willingham's "Hemingway's The Garden of Eden: Writing and Body (1993); Steven C. Roe's "Opening Bluebeard's Closet: Writing and Aggression in Hemingway's The Garden of Eden Manuscripts (1995)"; Mark Spilka's "Hemingway's Barbershop Quin tet: The Garden of Eden Manuscripts (1987)"; Susan Beegel's "Hemingway and Hemochromatosis (1990)"; Wagner-Martin's "The Hemingway-Stein Story (1995)"; and Michael Reynolds's "Hemingway: The 1930s (1997)."

(5) Feminist and Gender Studies

Altaba-Artal, Dolors. Aphra Behn's English Feminism: Wit and Satire. Selingsgrove: Susquehanna Up, 1999.

Altaba-Artal's study reveals that Aphra Behn was the first feminist and also the first female novelist in English Literature. In addition, Altaba-Artal argues that Behn created an intellectual dialogue to debate and confront the Spanish woman's standpoint. Utilizing a feminist perspective, Altaba-Artal examines how the texts of men are manipulated in order to generate new creations.

Arseneau, Mary, Antony H. Harrison, and Lorraine Janzen Kooistra, eds. The Culture of Christina Rossetti: Female Poetics and Victorian Contexts. Athens: Ohio UP, 1999.

Selections include Arseneau's "Introduction"; Margaret Reynolds's "Speaking Unlikenesses: The Double Text in Christina Rossetti's 'After Death' and 'Remember'; Arseneau's "'May My Great Love Avail Me': Christina Rossetti and Dante"; Marjorie Stone's "'Monna Innominata' and Sonnets from the Portuguese: Sonnet Traditions and Spiritual Trajectories"; Catherine Maxwell's "Tasting the 'Fruit Forbidden': Gender, Intertextuality, and Christina Rossetti's Goblin Market"; Richard Menke's "The Political Economy of Fruit: Goblin Market"; Kooistra's "Visualizing the Fantastic Subject: Goblin Market and the Gaze"; Kathryn Burlinson's "Frogs and Far Roads: Christina Rossetti and the Significance of the Nonhuman"; Linda E. Marshall's "Astronomy of the Invisible: Contexts for Christina Rossetti's Heavenly Parables"; Julia Briggs's "Speaking Likeness: Hearing the Lesson"; Alison Chapman's "Father's Place, Mother's Space: Identity, Italy, and the Maternal in Christina Rossetti's Poetry"; Susan Conley's "Rossetti's Cold Women: Irony and Liminal Fantasy in the Death Lyrics"; and Margaret Linley's "Dying to Be a Poetess: The Conundrum of Christina Rossetti."

Backscheider, Paula R., ed. Revision Women: Eighteenth-Century "Women's Fiction" and Social Engagement. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 2000.

Selections include Backscheider's "The Novel's Gendered Space"; Backscheider's "The Rise of Gender as Political Category"; Betty Rizzo's "Renegotiating the Gothic"; Mitzi Myers's "My Art Belongs to Daddy? Thomas Day, Maria Edgeworth, and the Pre-Texts of Belinda: Women Writers and Patriarchal Authority"; and Barbara M. Benedict's "Jane Austen and the Culture of Circulating Libraries: The Construction of Female Literacy."

Barker, Deborah. Aesthetics and Gender in American Literature: Portraits of the Woman Artist. Cranbury: Associated Up, 2000.

Barker's volume examines how popular women writers utilized the female visual artist as their artistic alter ego to transcend the boundaries of high and low culture. Studying Fanny Fern, E. D. E. N. Southworth, Elizabeth Stuart Phelps, Louisa May Alcott, Kate Chopin, Edith Wharton, and Jessie Fauset, Barker argues that these female writers knew that their writing significantly impacted both an artistic aesthetic as well as their society. Barker contends that they included complex aesthetic theories in their novels that confronted complex gender assumptions.

Bergeron, David M. King James and Letters of Homnoerotic Desire. Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1999.

Utilizing a number of letters from King James to men in his court, Bergeron contends that heavy homoerotic overtones are evident in the text. In addition, Bergeron compares letter writing during the Renaissance to the letters of King James and correlates a sense of homoerotic desire and letter writing during this time.

Bona, Mary Jo. Claiming a Tradition: Italian American Women Writers. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1999.

Exploring the narrative techniques of eight Italian American women's novels from 1940 to the present, Bona's volume recreates literary history. Bona examines the heritage of the Italian-American novel and the inherent sense of family honor and reputation. In addition, Bona discusses themes of sexual identity, cultural identity, and italianitd.

Bradley, John R., ed. Henry James and Homo-Erotic Desire. New York: St. Martin's, 1999.

Selections include Sheldon M. Novick's "Introduction"; Richard Ellmann' s "James Amongst the Aesthetes"; Bradley's "Henry James's Permanent Adolescence"; Gregory Woods's "The Art of Friendship in Roderick Hudson"; Cheryl B. Torsney's "An Exchange of Gifts in The American"; Robert K. Martin's "Failed Heterosexuality in The Portrait of a Lady"; David Van Leer's "A World of Female Friendship: The Bostonians"; Leland S. Person's "Homo-Erotic Desire in the Tales of Writers and Artists"; Susan E. Gunter and Steven H. Jobe's "Dearly Beloved Friends: Henry James's Letters to Younger Men"; and Nicolas Buchele's "Renunciations in James's Late Novels."

Case, Alison A. Plotting Women: Gender and Narration in the Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century British Novel. Charlottesville: UP of Virginia, 1999.

Case's study argues that "feminine narration" is characterized by the exclusion of the female narrator from forming her experience into a significant and authoritative story. Case traces this style of narration through close readings of novels by Smollett, Scott, Charlotte Bronte, Barrett Browning, Dickens, Collins, and Stoker. In addition, Case concentrates on texts in which the gender role in narration is challenged, reasserted, or reshaped.

Catty, Joeelyn. Writing Rape, Writing Women in Early Modern England: Unbridled Speech. New York: St. Martin's, 1999.

Catty explores how the meaning of rape shifted from the theft of a woman from her husband or father to that of sexual appropriation in the early modern period. In addition, Catty examines the evolution of the woman writer during this time and the conception that feminine writing was promiscuous. Drawing on a wide range of texts by both males and females, Catty comments on the significance of rape in the construction of gender relations.

Cohen, Marilyn, and Nancy J. Curtin, eds. Reclaiming Gender: Transgressive Identities in Modern Ireland. New York: St. Martin's, 1999.

Selections include Cohen and Curtin's "Introduction: Reclaiming Gender: An Agenda for Irish Studies"; Angela Bourke's "Irish Stories of Weather, Time, and Gender: Saint Brigid"; Curtin's "'A Nation of Abortive Men': Gendered Citizenship and Early Irish Republicanism"; Kathryn Conrad's "Women Troubles, Queer Troubles: Gender, Sexuality, and the Politics of Selfhood in the Construction of the Northern Irish State"; Anne Byrne's "Familist Ideology and Difficult Identities: 'Never-Married' Women in Contemporary Irish Society"; Bourke's "The Ideal Man: Irish Masculinity and the Home, 1880-1914"; Vera

Kreilkamp's "Losing It All: The Unmanned Irish Landlord"; William F. Kelleher's "Putting Masculinity to Work on a Northern Ireland Shopfloor"; Gordon Bigelow's "Asenath Nicholson's New Domestic Economy"; Jane Gray's "Spinners and Spinning in the Political Economy of Pre-Famine Ireland: Evidence from County Cavan"; Cohen's "'A Girdle around the Globe': Spinning Transnational Bonds between Gilford, Ireland, and Greenwich, New York, 1880-1920"; Ruth-Ann M. Harris's "Negotiating Patriarchy: Irish Women and the Landlord"; Joan Vincent's "The Land War in the Irish Northwest: Agitation and Its Unintended Conscquences"; Heather Zwicker's "Between Mater and Matter: Radical Novels by Republican Women"; and Mary J. Hickman and Bronwen Walter's "Racializing the Irish in England: Gender, Class, and Ethnicity."

Collecott, Diana. H. D. and Sapphic Modernism. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2000.

Collecott posits that Sappho's presence in H. D.'s work is as significant as the presence of Homer's work in Pound's and of Dante's in Eliot's. In addition, Collecott connects H. D.'s Hellenism and her Imagism to the literary and sexual politics of the First World War era. Collecott relates the fragmentary condition of Sappho's writings to the erasure of women within modernism.

D'Amico, Diane. Christina Rossetti: Faith, Gender, and Time. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 1999.

D'Amico presents her case that Rossetti's faith, her gender, and the times in which she lived should all be considered in order to appreciate her poetic voice. Beginning with an examination of Rossetti's early poems as influenced by the sentimental voices of her literary foremothers, Felicia Hermans and Letitia Landon, D'Amico continues with an exploration of Rossetti's entire poetic oeuvre in relationship to the social issues of her day, such as the establishment of Anglican sisterhoods, the treatment of fallen women, and the extension of suffrage. D'Amico argues that Rossetti was a major religious commentator in Victorian England who offered both men and women the comforting vision of a genderless spiritual world, where male and female are one.

Dolan, Frances E. Whores of Babylon: Catholicism, Gender, and Seventeenth-Century Print Culture. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1999.

Dolan explores the verbal and visual representations of Catholics and Catholicism and the ways in which these were utilized during three crises in Protestant-Catholic relations: the gunpowder plot of 1605, Queen Henrietta Maria's open approval of Catholicism in the 1630s to 1640s, and the popish and meal tub plots from 1678-1680. In addition, Dolan examines through close readings of Macbeth and Antony and Cleopatra how Catholics and Catholicism were connected to disorderly women. Dolan contends that the threat of Catholicism rested in the tension between the foreign and the familiar.

Foy, Roslyn Reso. Ritual, Myth, and Mysticism in the Work of Mary Butts: Between Feminism and Modernism. Fayetteville: U of Arkansas P, 2000.

Foy's volume explores how Butts's reputation floundered due to the view of modernism as a masculine endeavor. In addition, Foy argues that Butts's writing reinterprets reality and her modernist view explores the origins and powers of the female divine. Foy contends that the Butts heroine is healer, sacred priestess, earth goddess, lover, and demon.

Fulford, Tim. Romanticism and Masculinity: Gender, Politics and Poetics in the Writings of Burke, Coleridge, Cobbett, Wordsworth, De Quincey, and Hazlitt. New York: St. Martin's, 1999.

Fulford explores the male Romantics' visions of poetic authority through their own participation in the political debates of Regency Britain. Positing that Burke's gendered discourse about power influenced radical shifts in the meaning of masculinity and femininity, Fulford argues that their effect on each other consisted of unstable struggles and associations within which the formation of a strong masculinity was a political and aesthetic issue. By examining the writers' portrayal of women and their cooperation with women authors, and by looking at their reactions to the sexual and political scandals of their times Fulford offers new perspectives on their poetry, journalism, and aesthetic theory.

Gonzalez, Alexander G., ed. Contemporary Irish Women Poets: Some Male Perspectives. Westport: Greenwood, 1999.

Selections include Thomas C. Foster's "In From the Margin: Eavan Boland's 'Outside History' Sequence"; Peter Kupillas's "Bringing It All Back Home: Unity and Meaning in Eavas Boland's 'Domestic Interior' Sequence"; John Hildebidle's "'I'll Have to Stop Thinking about Sex': Rita Ann Higgins and the 'Patriarchal Tradition'"; Gonzalez's "Celebrating the Richness of Medbh McGuckian's Poetry: Close Analysis of Six Poems from The Flower Master"; Charles L. O'Neill's "Medbh McGuckian's Poetry: Inhabiting the Image"; Bernard McKenna's "Battle Dressed to Survive: The Poetry of Paula Meehan"; Paul Scott Stanfield's "How She Looks in That Company: Eilean Ni Chuilleanain as Feminist Poet"; Kevin Ray's "Sites of Ambush: Eilean Ni Chuilleanain's Bordered Silences"; Jim McWilliams's "Nuala Ni Dhomhnaill's Poems: An Appreciation"; Frank C. Manista's "Representing Sublimity: Body as Paradox in the Work of Nuala Ni Dhomhnaill"; and McKenna's '"Such Delvings and Exhumations': The Quest for Self-Actualization in Mary O'Malley's Poetry."

Gregson, Ian. The Male Image: Representations of Masculinity in Postwar Poetry. New York: St. Martin's, 1999.

Gregson's volume examines the exploration of postwar poetry into the meaning of masculinity and the experience of the male body. Gregson traces the views of women poets and gay poets and their representations of masculinity. In addition, Gregson discusses the acquisition of male power as a source of prestige and vulnerability in relation to the fragility of the penis.

Houston, Gail Turley. Royalties: The Queen and Victorian Writers. Charlottesville: UP of Virginia, 1999.

Through her study of a wide range of Victorian writers, Houston examines the complexity of Victorian notions of gender, representation, authority, and identity. Houston analyzes the anomaly of the queen and her effect on dominant cultural attitudes about gender. In addition, Houston explores the works of such authors as Charles Dickens, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, and Margaret Oliphant in order to comment on how they see Victoria in their writings.

Kilcup, Karen L. Robert Frost and the Feminine Literary Tradition. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1998.

Kilcup traces the sense of "feminine" traditions like "sentimental" poetry and New England regionalist fiction in Frost's writing, and notes a subtle link between Frost and such writers as Lydia Sigourney, Sarah Orne Jewett, and Mary E. Wilkins Freeman. Kilcup posits that Frost hid these "feminine" voices and values that pervaded his early work. In addition, Kilcup examines the connection between cultural femininity and homoeroticism in Frost's works.

Knellwolf, Christa. A Contradiction Still: Representations of Women in the Poetry of Alexander Pope. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1998.

Knellwolf's study proposes a stimulating critique of the view concerning gender and gender roles expressed or suggested in Pope's poetry. Knellwolf addresses Pope's stylistic complexity as an effect of his engagement with a historical situation in which the position of women was a source of ideological conflict. Knellwolf's close reading of the poetry reveals Pope's conflicting attitudes towards women and explains them as a product of his difficulties with a society that was experiencing rapid political and cultural change.

Knutson, Susan. Narrative in the Feminine: Daphne Marlatt and Nicole Brossard. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier UP, 2000.

Knutson's volume studies the contributions made by Marlatt and Brossard to international feminist theory. In addition to furnishing a narratological reading of How Hug a Stone, positing that at the deepest level of narrative, Marlatt constructs a gender-inclusive human subject that defaults not to the generic masculine but to the feminine, Knutson also offers a parallel reading of Picture Theory, Brossard's novel that draws us into readings of many other texts. Knutson also provides a reflection on the expression ecriture au feminin--a Quebecois contribution to an international theoretical debate.

Krebs, Paula M. Gender, Race, and the Writing of Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1999.

Through the writings of Arthur Conan Doyle, Olive Schreiner, H. Rider Haggard, and Rudyard Kipling, Krebs addresses the Boer War of 1899-1902 and the struggles to maintain an imperialist hegemony in a twentieth-century world. Krebs' s feminist analysis of such matters as the sexual honor of the British soldier at war, the deaths of thousands of women and children in "concentration camps," and new concepts of race in South Africa places this book in the realm of British imperial studies.

Lamos, Colleen. Deviant Modernism: Sexual and Textual Errancy in T. S. Eliot, James Joyce, and Marcel Proust. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1999.

Lamos's study re-examines key modernist works such as Eliot's The Waste Land, Joyce's Ulysses, and Proust's Remembrance of Things Past. In addition, Lamos explores the operations of gender and sexuality in these texts and contends that they contain conflict concerning the definition of masculine heterosexuality. Lamos posits that male modernism is the site of errant impulses and unresolved struggles.

Logan, Deborah Anna. Fallenness in Victorian Women's Writing. Columbia: U of Missouri P, 1998.

Logan discusses fallenness in Victorian literature and the connections between angelic ideology, sexuality, and social deviance. In addition, Logan argues that fallenness is not limited to women who have sexually deviated from morality, but also includes unmarried mothers, needlewomen, alcoholics, the insane, the childless, the anorexic, slaves, and harem women. Logan explores the correlation between the fallen female characters and the writers themselves.

Meakin, H. L. John Donne's Articulations of the Feminine. New York: Oxford UP, 1998.

Meakin's volume presents a historical and theoretical study of a selection of John Donne's less frequently discussed poetry and prose. Meakin also questions various trends that have dominated Donne criticism, such as the widely divergent views about his attitudes towards women. Utilizing the cultural criticism of Luce Irigaray, Meakin examines four feminine figures: the Muse, Sappho, Eve, and a young girl who lived and died in Donne's own time, Elizabeth Drury.

Mudge, Bradford K. The Whore's Story: Women, Pornography, and the British Novel, 1684-1830. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2000.

Mudge explores the lineage of pornography in Britain and offers a comprehensive overview of the significant role of women in the development of erotic fiction. Examining the history of the British novel from the masquerades of the late seventeenth century to the gothic novels of the early nineteenth century, Mudge's volume traces the rise of the new literary marketplace and the three intense debates that encircled it concerning the masquerade, the novel, and prostitution. In addition, Mudge cites the growing literary need to separate good fiction from bad and shows that that process was of unavoidable importance to the rise of a new, middle-class state.

Novy, Marianne, ed. Transforming Shakespeare: contemporary Women's Re-Visions in Literature and Performance. New York: St. Martin's, 1999.

Selections include Novy's "Introduction"; Barbara Hodgdon's "Making it New: Katie Mitchell Refashions Shakespeare-History"; Penny Gay's "Recent Australian Shrews: The 'Larrikin Element'"; Patricia Lennox's "A Girl's Got to Eat: Christine Edzard's Film of As You Like It"; Marianne Novy's "Saving Desdemona and/or Ourselves: Plays by Ann-Marie MacDonald and Paula Vogel"; Perter Erickson's "Rita Dove's Shakespeares"; Francesca T. Royster's "Cleopatra as Diva: African-American Women and Shakespearean Tactics"; Barbara Mathieson's "The Polluted Quarry: Nature and Body in A Thousand Acres"; Iska Alter's "King Lear and A Thousand Acres: Gender, Genre, and the Revisionary Impulse"; Jane Smiley's "Shakespeare in Iceland"; Suzanne Raitt's "'Out of Shakespeare'?: Cordelia in Cat's Eye"; Diana Brydon's "Tempest Plainsong: Retuning Caliban's Curse"; Caroline Cakebread's "Sycorax Speaks: Marina Warner's Indigo and The Tempest"; and Linda Bamber's "Claribel at Palace Dot Tunis."

Pearson, Jacqueline. Women's Reading in Britain, 1750-1835: A Dangerous Recreation. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1999.

Providing both an overview and a detailed analysis, Pearson studies the influence of the growing readership during this era and its appearance in literature. Pearson also explores historical readers, such as Laetitia Pilkington, Elizabeth Carter, Frances Burney, and Jane Austen, and examines texts in which the woman reader is important. Pearson provides valuable insights into the importance of the woman reader during this period.

Percival, Florence. Chaucer's Legendary Good Women. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1998.

Percival contends that the medieval notion of Woman pervades the structure of the Chaucer's Legend of Good Women. Percival contends that Chaucer praises female virtue in the Prologue, while in Legends he displays a humorous skepticism. Also, Percival's volume provides a close reading of the text as an examination of literary, historical, and social contexts.

Peterson, Linda H. Traditions of Victorian Women's Autobiography: The Poetics and Politics of Life Writing. Charlottesville: UP of Virginia, 1999.

Peterson's volume contends that women's autobiography does not represent a separate tradition, but instead employs multiple lineages. In addition, Peterson examines the poetics and politics of these diverse forms of writing. Peterson explores the notion that the desire to know the details of other women's lives lies beneath much of the Victorian women's autobiography.

Polkey, Pauline, ed. Women's Lives into Print: The Theory, Practice and Writing of Femistist Auto/Biography. New York: St. Martin's, 1999.

Selections include Liz Stanley's "How Do We Know about Past Lives? Methodological and Epistemological Matters Involving Prince Philip, the Russian Revolution, Emily Wilding Davison, My Mum and the Absent Sue"; Bogusia Temple's "Terrible Times: Experience, Ethnicity and Auto/Biography"; Christine Kenny's "Memory, Truth and Orality: the Lives of Northern Women Textile Workers"; Lesley Forrest and Judy Giles's "Feminist Ethics and Issues in the Production and Use of Life History Research"; Polkey's "Recuperating the Love- Passions of Edith Simcox"; Joss West-Burnham's "Travelling towards Selfhood: Victorian Religion and the Process of Female Identity"; Julia Swindells's "Other People's Truths? Scientific Subjects in the Personal Recollections, From Early Life to Old Age, of Mary Somerville"; Elizabeth Edwards's "Alice Havergal Skillicorn, Principal of Homerton College, Cambridge, 1935-60: Gender and Power"; Alison Donnell's "When Writing the Other is Being True to the Self:

Jamaica Kincaid's The Autobiography of My Mother"; Julia Hallam's "Self-Image and Occupational Identity: Barbadian Nurses in Post-War Britain"; Katherine Frank's "The Lives of Indira Gandhi"; Mary Evans's "A Good School Revisited"; Catherine Byron's "The Most Difficult Door"; Val Walsh's "Digging Up Tangled Roots: Feminism and Resistance to White Working-Class Culture"; and Jo Stanley's "The Swashbuckler, the Landlubbing Wimp and the Woman in Between: Myself as Pirate(s)."

Sanders, Eve Rachele. Gender and Literacy on Stage in Early Modern England. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1998.

Sanders examines how gender differences, infused through certain methods of instruction in literacy, were explored in English public theatre. Sanders also provides close readings of plays from Shakespeare's Love's Labour's Lost to Thomas Dekker's Whore of Babylon, and of poems, didactic treatises, and autobiographical writings from the same period in order to investigate the interaction between didactic precepts, literary models, and historical men and women. Sanders provides new insights into the societal conflicts that molded individuals as the writers and readers of such texts.

Schlossman, Beryl. Objects of Desire: The Madonnas of Modernism. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 2000.

Schlossman's volume examines the secular modernist use of female characters as symbols of forbidden desire. Schlossman also argues that the modernists' scenes of love allow for a mixing of gender roles and identity. In addition, Schlossman contends that the beginnings of modernist views on love can be traced to Plato's Symposium and Sappho's poems.

Thompson, Nicola Diane, ed. Victorian Women Writers and the Woman Question. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1999.

Selections include Thompson's "Responding to the Woman Questions: Rereading Noncanonical Victorian Women Novelists"; Valerie Sanders's "Marriage and the Antifeminist Woman Novelist"; Anne Humpherys's "Breaking Apart: The Early Victorian Divorce Novel"; Alison Chapman's "Phantasies of Matriarchy in Victorian Children's Literature"; Monica Cohen's "Maximizing Oliphant: Begging the Question and the Politics of Satire"; June Sturrock's "Literary Women of the 1850s and Charlotte Mary Yonge's Dynevor Terrace"; Lyn Pykett's "Portraits of the Artist as a Young Woman: Representations of the Female Artist in the New Woman Fiction of the 1890s"; Dennis Denisoffs "Lady in Green with Novel: The Gendered Economics of the Visual Arts and Mid-Victorian Women's Writing"; Pamela Gilbert's "Ouida and the Other New Woman"; Ann Ardis's "Organizing Women: New Woman Writers, New Woman Readers, and Suffrage Feminism"; Beth Sutton-Ramspeck's "Shot Out of the Canon: Mary Ward and the Claims of Conflicting Feminism"; Amelia A. Rutledge's "E. Nesbit and the Woman Question"; and Annette R. Federico's "'An "Old-Fashioned" Young Woman': Marie Corelli and the New Woman."

Wahl, Elizabeth Susan. Invisible Relations: Representations of Female Intimacy in the Age of Enlightenment. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1999.

Wahl examines the ambivalent and often contradictory ways in which English and French writers of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries represented relations of intimacy between women. Wahl posits that by expanding the concept of intimacy to include relations between women that may evade or subvert the boundaries of "compulsory" heterosexuality, one can find a duality of "polite" and eroticized models of female intimacy in the cultural discourses of both France and England.

Young, Arlene. Culture, Class, and Gender in the Victorian Novel. New York: St. Martin's, 1999.

By closely examining the evolution of the lower middle class as a literary, social, and cultural phenomenon, Young explores the relationship between social class and literary representation in Victorian Britain. In addition, Young locates the development of the lower middle class within the social constructs of nineteenth-century England and within the historical structure of shifting perceptions of the idea of the gentleman and the role of women. Young traces popular dispositions towards different class and culture types through the exploration of novels, comic sketches, and nineteenth-century social commentaries.

(6) Psychoanalytic Criticism

Bromwich, David. Disowned by Memory: Wordsworth's Poetry of the 1790s. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1998.

Bromwich's study envisions The Borderers as a statement of the poet's complicity in the principles that inspired the Terror. Bromwich examines Wordsworth's work from a moral-psychological standpoint and argues that the development of modern poetry owes a great debt to the idea of personal consciousness. In addition, Bromwich comments on individual poems such as "The Idiot Boy," "The Thorn," and "Tintern Abbey" as reflections of this philosophy.

Brown, Peter. Reading Dreams: The Interpretation of Dreams from Chaucer to Shakespeare. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1999.

Selections include A. C. Spearing's "Introduction"; Peter Brown's "On the Borders of Middle English Dream Visions"; Steven Kruger's "Medical and Moral Authority in the Late Medieval Dream"; David Aers's "Interpreting Dreams: Reflections on Freud, Milton, and Chaucer"; Kathryn Lynch's "Baring Bottom: Shakespeare and the Chaucerian Dream Vision"; Peter Holland's "'The Interpretation of Dreams' in the Renaissance"; and Kathleen McLuskie's "The 'Candy-Colored Clown': Reading Early Modern Dreams."

Carson, Luke. Consumption and Depression in Gertrude Stein, Louis Zukofsky, and Ezra Pound. New York: St. Martin's, 1999.

Carson explores the political and economic musings of Gertrude Stein and Louis Zukofsky during the period of the Depression. In addition, Carson posits that despite the differences between Stein, Zukofsky, and Pound, the writers share a set of values and attitudes. Utilizing Marxist and psychoanalytical criticism to investigate the realm of social fantasy, Carson argues that social fantasy takes shape in comparison to the rise of mass consumption and the development of social forms.

Davis, Nick. Stories of Chaos: Reason and Its Displacement in Early Modern English Narrative. Brookfield: Ashgate, 1999.

Through an examination of narrative design in works such as Sir Gawain and the Green Night, The Faerie Queene, King Lear, and Paradise Lost, Davis's volume explores the critical importance of telling a story of chaos by contrasting the narrative methodology of its chosen texts. Utilizing the philosophy of Freud and Lacan, Davis comments on the psychoanalytic encounter with an ultimately chaotic Real. Davis provides new readings of early modern texts in the light of this mode of criticism.

Dombroski, Robert S. Creative Entanglements: Gadda and the Baroque. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1999.

Drawing from thorough readings of such thinkers such as Leibnitz, Walter Benjamin, Gilles Deleuze, and Fredric Jameson, Dombroski fixes Gadda in a far-reaching theoretical context. Dombroski explores Gadda's narrative form through an extensive understanding of the baroque's critical heritage in areas as diverse as aesthetics, epistemology, politics, and psychoanalysis.

Dubrow, Heather. Shakespeare and Domestic Loss: Forms of Deprivation, Mourning, and Recuperation. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1999.

Dubrow explores the texts of Shakespeare through the lens of their encounter with the forms of deprivation that threatened early modern England. Dubrow cites several major themes that pervade Shakespearean drama, such as burglary, the loss of home, and the early death of parents. In addition, she compares the plays to Shakespeare's poetry and to early modern cultural texts, reading Shakespeare's work from the view of contemporary social problems, twentieth-century poetry, and popular culture.

Ghose, Indira. The Power of the Female Gaze: Women Travellers in Colonial India. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1998.

Producing new material for the theory of the "female gaze," Ghose's volume examines nineteenth-century British women travellers in India and provides a different view on colonial relations. In addition, Ghose contends that women's understanding of the Other is different from men's due to the their access to the experiences of alternative social spaces. Ghose locates these travellers in several categories: those whose gaze denied many of the predominant colonial myths, the philanthropic traveller, and those who deal with the "Indian Mutiny" of 1857.

Jacobus, Mary. Psychoanalysis and the Scene of Reading. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1999.

Jacobus's volume examines the ways in which readers think about reading and the effects of that reading on the reader. Jacobus argues that reading involves notions of the inner and outer, absence and boundaries, and the transmission of thoughts and feelings between one person or historical period and another. In addition, Jacobus discusses such issues as books and interiority, memory and landscape, trauma and literary transmission in the works of Woolf, Austen, Rousseau, and Romantic women.

Jones, James T. Jack Kerouac's Duluoz Legend: The Mythic Form of an Autobiographical Fiction. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1999.

In his study, Jones utilizes Freudian psychoanalysis to demonstrate how Kerouac used the Oedipus myth to mold his entire body of writing. After setting up the basic biographical facts and explaining Freud's application of the Oedipus myth, Jones explores Kerouac's novels of childhood and adolescence, centering on sibling rivalry. Jones also shows how Oedipal myth pervades Kerouac's nonfiction text and poetry as well. Jones argues that Kerouac's obsession with his family reflects Oedipal themes throughout the Duluoz Legend.

Levin, Susan M. The Romantic Art of Confession: De Quincey, Musset, Sand, Lamb, Hogg, Fremy, Soulie, Janin. Columbia: Camden House, 1998.

Drawing on post-structuralism and the psychological and feminist theories of Lacan and Chodorow, Levin studies confessional work as a representative of the concerns of autobiographical discourse in general and of the form of Romantic confession in particular. Levin uncovers in the Romantic art of confession a uniquely written craft of self-recollection and definition.

Mandell, Laura. Misogynous Economies: The Business of Literature in Eighteenth-century Britain. Lexington: UP of Kentucky, 1999.

Mandell contends that the oppression of women may not have been the principal purpose of the misogynistic depictions often used for capitalist gains. By utilizing psychoanalytic concepts developed by Julia Kristeva, Mandell discusses that feelings about the estrangement brought on by socioeconomic changes via capitalism were graphed Onto representations that provoked hatred of women and repulsion of the female body. Mandell shows that the accepted literary canon resulted not simply from decisions made by eighteenth-century critics but also from editorial and production methods created to stimulate readers' appetites to identify with male poets.

Quinney, Laura. The Poetics of Disappointment: Wordsworth to Ashbery. Charlottesville: UP of Virginia, 1999.

Quinney's volume examines the works of Wordsworth, Shelley, Stevens, and Ashbery in order to disprove Harold Bloom's system of classification of major romantic poets as "crisis lyrics." In addition, Quinney contends that there is a line of romantic and postromantic poetry that attempts to contain a confused sadness. Also, Quinney argues that an experience of loss has shattered and stopped the hopeful self because that self appears in hindsight to be arrogant and naive.

Schwaber, Paul. The Cast of Characters: A Reading of Ulysses. New Haven: Yale, 1999.

Schwaber comments on how Leopold Bloom, who is not really Jewish, feels that he is in fact Jewish to others. In addition, Schwaber argues that Stephen Dedalus's theories on Shakespeare reveal central aspects of his own conflicts. Also, Schwaber identifies Molly Bloom's adulterous behavior as sleeplessness at the end of the day and offers an explanation about its origins.

Sullivan, Ceri, and Barbara White, eds. Writing and Fantasy. Essex: Longman, 1999.

Selections include Sullivan and White's "Introduction"; Christopher Pelling's "Modern Fantasy and Ancient Dreams"; Carolyne Larrington's "The Fairy Mistress in Medieval Literary Fantasy"; Mark Philpott's "Haunting the Middle Ages"; Richard W. Kaeuper's "Chivalry: Fantasy and Fear"; Margaret Kean's "Dreaming of Eve: Edenic Fantasies in John Milton's Paradise Lost"; Lesley Mickel's "Jonson, the Antimasque, and the Literary Fantastic: The Vision of Delight"; Danielle Clarke's "Writing Sexual Fantasy in the English Renaissance: Potency, Power, and Poetry"; Sullivan's "Silly Money, Fantastic Credit"; Julie Sanders's "The Politics of Escapism: Fantasies of Travel and Power in Richard Brome' s The Antipodes and Ben Jonson's The Alchemist"; Daniel Carey's "Travel and Sexual Fantasy in the Early Modern Period"; White's "Jenny Voss: The Fantasy of Female Criminality"; Lucie Armitt's "The Grotesque Utopias of Jeanette Winterson and Monique Wittig"; Karin Lesnik-Oberstein's "Fantasy, Childhood, and Literature: In Pursuit of Wonderlands"; Julian Thompson's "The Decline and Fall of the Great English Ghost Story"; Peter Stoneley's "'Never love a cowboy': Romance Fiction and Fantasy Families"; and Timothy Mowl's "Fantasy and the Ideal of the Individual in Twentieth-Century English Domestic Architecture."

Vallins, David. Coleridge and the Psychology of Romanticism: Feeling and Thought. New York: St. Martin's, 2000.

Vallins argues that Coleridge examines the constructs of consciousness and mental functioning more deeply than any of his contemporaries. Vallins associates Coleridge's psychological theories with Romanticism's self-reflexive quest for transcendence and Romantic idealism and cult of the sublime. In addition, Vallins comments on Coleridge's view of the mind and patterns of consciousness involved in his and other Romantics' escape from quotidian experience into notions of unity, transcendence, and freedom.

(7) Cultural and Historical Criticism

Ayers, David. English Literature of the 1920s. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 1999.

Ayers's volume contends that the literature of the 1920s could be understood more clearly if viewed from the stance of local social and literary history. Concentrating primarily on the novel, Ayers traces both modernist and non-modernist texts within a common context concerning social issues, sexuality, gender and class politics, Englishness, empire, and cultural pessimism. Ayers proposes that the works of this period tend not to reject modernism as an elitist cultural movement, but ratify the critique of the advent of modernity.

Barney, Richard A. Plots of Enlightenment: Education and the Novel in Eighteenth-Century England. California: Stanford UP, 1999.

Barney traces the evolution of the English novel during the early 1700s as a new form of popular education at a time when educators redefined the role of English citizenship for both men and women. In addition to offering a comprehensive study of the novel's educational status, Barney concentrates on authors such as Daniel Defoe, Eliza Hay wood, and Charlotte Lennox from the first half of the eighteenth century and how their early works developed concepts of moral education.

Bellamny, Liz. Commerce, Morality and the Eighteenth-Century Novel. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1998.

Bellamny argues that the development of the novel in eighteenth-century Britain needs to be seen from the point of the conflict between economics and more traditional systems of social examination. In addition, Bellamny comments on how the novel added to the debate over public and private virtues and commercial and anti-commercial ethics. Bellamny points out that the choices were important in determining the structure in addition to the moral content of the text.

Belsey, Cathcrine. Shakespeare and the Loss of Eden. New Brunswick: Rutgers UP, 1999.

Belsey regards Shakespeare's plays not as isolated works of art, but as a location of cultural history. Belsey argues that the loving family was an act of propaganda, popular then as it is now, and that it connects the world of early modern England and the present day. Through detailed readings of the plays, Belsey provides a useful analysis of the domestication of desire in marriage, parental love and cruelty, and sibling rivalry.

Bennett, Andrew. Romantic Poets and the Culture of Posterity. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1999.

Bennett explores the way in which the Romantic period's culture of posterity presented a new demand for poets: to write for the future. Bennett contends that this new demand on poets and poetics entails a radical shift in the idea and reception of poetry. In addition, Bennett examines the effects that this new reception theory has on the work of Wordsworth, Coleridge, Keats, Shelley, and Byron.

Blanchard, Mary Warner. Oscar Wilde's America: Counterculture in the Gilded Age. Ann Arbor: Edwards Brothers, 1998.

Blanchard's volume offers an elegant, imaginative account of a neglected dimension of American cultural history. In addition to showing that aestheticism was a wide-ranging popular movement, Blanchard discusses the fascinating lives of the female visionaries who used the decorative arts to assault the conventions of their own middle-class milieu. Blanchard also analyzes how the movement allowed new forms of identify for men, particularly feminized or homosexual roles that were extremely at odds with Victorian notions of manliness.

Brombert, Victor. In Praise of Antiheroes: Figures and Themes in Modern European Literature, 1830-1980. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1999.

Brombert contends that a new kind of hero, the antihero, has emerged in key works of modern European literature. Brombert's study argues that these antiheroes are not necessarily failures, but they clearly do not live up to standard mythical heroes. In addition, Brombert examines the works of Buchner, Gogol, Dostoevsky, Flaubert, Svevo, Ha_ek, Frisch, Camus, and Levi and their use of the antihero to interrogate tradition.

Brooks, Douglas A. From Playhouse to Printing House: Drama and Authoriship in Early Modern England. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2000.

Brooks's volume explores how Shakespeare and his contemporaries made the difficult transition form writing plays for the theatre to publishing them as literary works. Tracing the path from playhouse to printing house, Brooks investigates how and why certain popular plays found their way into print while many other failed to do so. Brooks examines the role played by the Renaissance book trade in shaping literary reputations.

Burgess, Moira. Imagine a City: Glasgow in Fiction. Argyll, Scotland: Argyll, 1998.

Burgess offers an account of how Glasgow has been presented over the last two hundred years. In addition, Burgess examines how people lived their lives and how they defined their power. Burgess provides commentary on modern Glasgow writers and their attitude towards the state of the city's soul.

Butler, Martin, ed. Re-Presenting Ben Jonson: Text, History, Performance. New York: St. Martin's, 1999.

Selections include Butler's "Introduction: from Workes to Texts"; David Bevington's "Why Re-edit Herford and Simpson?"; David L. Gants's "The Printing, Proofing, and Press-Correction of Johnson's Folio Workes"; Kevin Donovan's "Forms of Authority in the Early Texts of Every Man Out of His Humor"; Helen Ostovich's "'To Behold the Scene Full': Seeing and Judging in Every Man Out of His Humor"; Joseph F. Loewenstein's "Personal Material: Jonson and Book-burning"; James Knowles's "Johnson's and his Sources"; Michael Cordner's "Zeal-of-the-Land Busy Restored"; Lois Potter's "The Swan Song of the Stage Historian"; Hugh Craig's "Jonsonian Chronology and the Styles of A Tale of a Tub"; and Robert C. Evans's "Jonasonian Allusions."

Carlson, Cindy L., and Angela Jane Weisi, eds. Constructions of Widowhood and Virginity in the Middles Ages. New York: St. Martin's, 1999.

Selections include Carlson and Weisl's "Constructions of Widowhood and Virginity"; Anna Roberts's "Helpful Widows, Virgins in Distress: Women's Friendship in French Romance of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries"; Weisl's "The Widow as Virgin: Desexualized Narrative in Christine de Pizan's Livre de la Cite des Dames"; Monika Otter's "Closed Doors: An Epithalamium for Queen Edith, Widow, and Virgin"; Sarah Salih's "Performing Virginity: Sex and Violence in the Katherine Group"; Susannah Mary Chewning's "The Paradox of Virginity within the Anchoritic Tradtion: The Masculine Gaze and the Feminine Body in the Wohunge Group"; Kathleen Coyne Kelly's "Useful Virgins in Medieval Hagiography"; Sandra Pierson Prior's "Virginity and Sacrifice in Chaucer's 'Physician's Tale"'; Kathleen M. Hobbs's "Blood and Rosaries: Virginity, Violence, and Desire in Chaucer's 'Prioress's Tale"'; Carlson's "Like a Virgin: Mary and Her Doubters in the N-Town Cycle"; Rebecca Hayward's "Between the Living and the Dead: Widows as Heroines of Medieval Romances"; and Leslie Abend Callahan's "The Widow's Tears: The Pedagogy of Grief in Medieval France and the Image of the Grieving Widow."

Caws, Mary Ann, and Sarah Bird Wright. Bloomsbury and France: Art and Friends. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2000.

Caws and Wright's volume concentrates on the influence of France on the Bloomsbury group from their frequent trips to the country. Through unpublished letters, memoirs, and photographs, Caws and Wright map the artistic development of Virginia and Leonard Woolf, Clive Bell, David Garnett, E. M. Forster, Lytton Strachey, and Dora Carrington, among others. Caws and Wright posit that without the trips to France, the cultural anti-England, there would have been no Bloomsbury.

Christensen, Jerome. Romanticism at the End of History. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 2000.

Christensen traces how the English Romantic writers characterized their relationship to radical social and political changes that seemed without authorial origins and headed towards no clear goal. Examining how the ethic defined by the Romantics is a tool, not just the object, of critique, Christensen's volume compares the idea to modern-day academia, provoking a reconsideration of how universities should handle the study of the humanities in a time of rapid technological growth and disorientating social shifting. Christensen's key dates--1798, 1802, and 1815--draw upon times of war, truce, and peace to trace the emergence of an anthropological imagination that considers poetry to be the notation of fugitive differences that eluded the impasse of England versus France.

Cobbing, Andrew. The Japanese Discovery of Victorian Britain: Early Travel Encounters in the Far West. Richmond, Surrey: Japan Library, 1998.

Cobbing's volume traces the history of the first Japanese travelers during the 1860s and 1870s and how their records mark a unique way of life in the unknown west. Cobbing also cites diaries and travelogues of these samurai travelers to explore their fascination with the extent of British political and commercial influence. In addition, Cobbing comments on the "culture shock" inherent in this large body of work on Victorian Society.

Cowell, Andrew. At Play in the Tavern: Signs, Coins, and Bodies in the Middle Ages. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1999.

Cowell's study of the medieval tavern as a counterpoint to orthodox institutions considers such delicious transgressions as drinking, gambling, prostitution, theft, usury, and "foile" (a peculiar combination of madness and sinfulness). Commenting on the tavern, inn, and brothel in the literature of medieval France, Cowell compares the literary domains of the carnal and the orthodox and innovatively assigns physical space to each. Cowell resolves that drama, poetry, and other secular texts, when considered as a whole, are ultimately complicit in a revolution favoring an ethic of profit.

Cox, Jeffery N. Poetry and Politics in the Cockney School: Keats, Shelley, Hunt and their Circle. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1998.

Cox redefines the conception of "second-generation" romanticism by locating it within the group of writers around Leigh Hunt that was known as the Cockney School. By furnishing a theory of the group as a nexus for cultural production, Cox confronts the established image of the romantic poet as a secluded figure by exploring the social aspects of the work of Shelley, Keats, Hunt, Hazlitt, Byron, and others as they participated in literary contests, wrote poems to one another, and collaborated on journals and other creative projects. Cox gives insightful proof that the Cockney School did indeed exist, but demonstrates that its purpose was to put literature in the service of social, cultural, and political reform.

Croft, Andy, ed. A Weapon in the Struggle: The Cultural History of the Communist Party in Britain. Sterling: Pluto, 1998.

Selections include H. Gustav Klaus's "James Barke: A Great-hearted Writer, a Hater of Oppression, a True Scot"; Robert Radford's "To Disable the Enemy: the Graphic Art of the Three Jameses"; Mick Wallis's "Heirs to the Pageant: Mass Spectacle and the Popular Front"; Richard Hanlon and Mike Waite's "Notes from the Left: Communism and British Classical Music"; Maroula Joannou's "Sylvania Townsend Warner in the 1930s"; Kevin Morgan's "King StreetBlues: Jazz and the Left in Britain in the 1930s-1940s"; Andy Croft's "The Boys Round the Corner: The Story of Fore Publications"; Hamish Henderson's "The Edinburgh People's Festival, 1951-54"; Gerald Porter's "'The World's Ill-Divided': the Communist Party and Progressive Song"; and Bert Hogenkamp's "The Sunshine of Socialism: the CPGB and Film in the 1950s."

Dart, Gregory. Rousseau, Robespierre, and English Romanticism. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1999.

Dart examines Rousseau's influence on the French Revolution and on English Romanticism by exploring the relationship between his confessional writings and his political theory. Dart also contends that by looking at the way in which Rousseau's writings were mediated by the speeches and actions of the French Jacobin statesman Maximilien Robespierre, readers can attain a clearer and more concrete sense of the legacy he left to English writers. This volume surveys how the writings of William Godwin, Mary Wollstonecraft, William Wordsworth, and William Hazlitt rehearse and reflect upon the Jacobin tradition in the aftermath of the French revolutionary Terror.

David, Leith. Acts of Union: Scotland and the Literary Negotiation of the British Nation, 1707-1830. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1998.

Leith's volume examines the political relationship between Scotland and England as it existed in the literary realm in the century following the 1707 Act of Union. Leith also explores Britain not as a homogeneous unit of stability, but as an energetic process of heterogeneous elements. Proposing that Britain was formed from several acts of union and dislocation over time, Leith contemplates the formation of British national identity within a broader range of postcolonial theories of the nation. In addition, Leith's volume addresses the current debate over the future of Scotland within Britain.

DeMaria, Jr., Robert, ed. British Literatrue 1640-1789: A Critical Reader. Malden: Blackwell, 1999.

Selections include David Norbrook's "Areopagitica, Censorship, and the Early Modern Public Sphere"; Sharon Achinstein's "Milton and the Fit Reader"; Thomas M. Greene's "The Balance of Power in Marvell's 'Horatian Ode"'; Catherine Gallagher's "Oroonoko's Blackness"; Claude Rawson's "Lordly Accents: Rochester's Satire"; Howard Weinbrot's "Dryden's 'Anne Killigrew': Towards a New Pindaric Political"; D. N. DeLuna's "Ironic Monologue and 'Scandalous Ambo-dexter Conformity' in Defoe's The Shortest Way with the Dissenters"; Roger D. Lund's "Strange Complicities: Atheism and Conspiracy in A Tale of A Tub"; Helen Deutsch's "The Rape of the Lock as Miniature Epic"; Carol Barash's "Anne Finch: Gender, Politics, and Myths of the Private Self'; Adam Potkay's "The Spirit of Ending in Johnson and Hume"; Donna Landry's "Mary Leapor Laughs at the Fathers: Reading 'Crumble-Hall"'; George E. Haggerty's "O Lachrymarum Fons: Tears, Poetry, and Desire in Gray"; Terry Castle's "The Culture of Travesty: Sexuality and Masquerade in Eighteenth-Century England"; Frans De Bruyn's "Theater and Counter-Theater in Burke's Reflections on the Revolution"; David Perkins's "Cowper's Hares"; Ruth Perry's "Colonizing the Breast: Sexuality and Maternity in Eighteenth-Century England"; and Rawson's "Unparodying and Forgery: The Augustan Chatterton."

DeSousa, Geraldo U. Shakespeare's Cross-Cultural Encounters. New York: St. Martin's, 1999.

De Sousa's volume examines how gender, text, and habitat acted as metaphors for cross-cultural definition in Shakespeare's drama. In addition, de Sousa contends that when cultures of opposing convictions meet, they create a process of change where they exchange philosophy and identity. Utilizing a historical and cultural mode of criticism, de Sousa explores the clash of gender systems; the text as a haven for a culture and its value systems; the deletion of memory and identity; the mixing of culture, race, and ecology; and the interplay between cultural separation and reintegration.

Devine, Kathleen, ed. Modern Irish Writers and the Wars. New York: Oxford UP, 1999.

Selections include Devine's "Introduction"; Keith Jeffery's "Irish Prose Writers of the First World War"; Declan Kiberd's "1916: The Idea and the Action"; Jacqueline Genet's "Yeats and War"; A. Norman Jeffares's "Maud Gonne: Romantic Republican"; Christopher Murray's "O'Casey at War"; Elmer Andrews's "Frank O'Connor's 'War Book': Guests of the Nation"; Patrick Walsh's "Sean O'Faolain's Midsummer Night Madness and Other Stories: Contexts for Revisionism"; Devine's "Roads to Spain: Irish Writers and the Spanish Civil War"; Terence Brown's "Louis MacNeice and the Second World War"; John Fletcher's "Beckctt and World War II: In Memoriam Samuel Beckett, 1906-1989"; Josette Leray's "'War's Awful Illumination': Elizabeth Bowen's The Heat of the Day"; Terry Boyle's "Denis Johnston: Neutrality and Buchenwald"; John Goodby's "Reading Protestant Writing: Representations of the Troubles in the Poetry of Derek Mahon and Glenn Patterson's Burning Your Own"; and Alan J. Peacock and Devine's "A Necessary Distance?: Mythopoeia and Violence in Friel, Parker, and Vincent Woods's At the Black Pig's Dyke."

Dolan, John. Poetic Occasion from Milton to Wordsworth. New York: St. Martin's, 2000.

Dolan's volume argues that the modern lyric poem developed as an adaptation to the call for "truth in poetry" from post-Reformation readers. Dolan contends that this demand for truth located most of the poetry of this time around public events such as deaths, battles, and weddings. Dolan notes that as poets vied for the right to commemorate important events, new styles of recording conventional occasions led to a shift in the genre of poetry.

Dowling, William C. Literary Federalism in the Age of Jefferson: Joseph Dennie and The Port Folio, 1801-1811. Columbia: U of South Carolina P, 1999.

Dowling contends in his study that The Port Folio attempted a final defense of classical republican values against "American jacobinism," a conflict between its Federalist writers and the forces of Jeffersonian ideology that birthed an important tradition in American writing. In addition, Dowling offers that Literary Federalism then arises as a tradition in the endeavor of Dennie and The Port Folio to produce a safe haven for classical republican values within a separate world of the literary imagination. Dowling argues that in the battle of The Port Folio writers against Jeffersonian ideology remain the hidden origins of American literature, a sustained tradition of literary separation and alienation.

Dryden, Linda. Joseph Conrad and the Imperial Romance. New York: St. Martin's, 2000.

Dryden examines how Conrad utilized the tales of Empire to provide a disturbing vision of the imperial experience in Malaya. In addition, Dryden uses illustrations from and references to many of the familiar novels of Empire. Dryden's volume argues that Conrad's early Malay fiction references the conventions and stereotypes of popular imperial fiction.

Echard, Sian. Arthurian Narrative in the Latin Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge, 1998.

Echard's volume offers much of the discussion on Geoffrey of Monmouth and places him within the context of other Latin histories, monastic chronicles, saints' lives, and other Latin Arthurial narratives. In addition to providing summaries and translations, Echard locates many of the works within the court of Henry II. Echard studies the place of these Latin Arthurian narratives in the canon of Arthurian literary history.

Ferris, David. Silent Urns: Romanticism, Hellenism, Modernity. Stanford: Stanford UP, 2000.

Ferris explores how Greece achieved such significance in eighteenth-century aesthetics as the result of the endeavor to reconcile individuality, freedom, history, and modernity. Through an examination of Winckelmann's History of Ancient Art, Ferris posits that the volume constructed the notion of what it is to be modern, as well as defined the understanding of culture. Ferris discusses how Romanticism dealt with the legacy of Greece and with a sense of freedom lost in cultural modernity.

Freedman, Jonathan. The Temple of Culture: Assimilation and Anti-Semitism in Literary Anglo-America. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2000.

Freedman comments on the unanticipated parallels and ironic reversals between a cultural dispensation that had unsure responses to Jews, and Jews who became a part of that tradition. Through writers such as Matthew Arnold, Trollope, James, and George Du Maurier, Freedman also examines how these writers discussed, in response to the Jew, their notions of the artist. In addition, Freedman explores contemporary cultural wars and the ways in which Jews became defenders of a tradition.

Garlick, Barbara, and Margaret Harris, eds. Victorian Journalism: Exotic and Domestic. Essays in Honour of P. D. Harris. Queensland, Australia: U of Queensland P, 1998.

Selections include Virginia Blain's "Anonymity and the Discourse of Amateurism: Caroline Bowles Southey negotiates Blackwood's 1820-1847"; Judith Johnston's "Anna Brownell Jameson and the Monthly Chronicle"; Michael Slater's "How Mrs Caudle Went On and On; or, The Afterlife of a Minor Victorian Classic"; Garlick's "'The true principle of Biographical delineation': Harriet Martineau's 'Biographical Sketches' in the Daily News"; John Sutherland's "Trollope, the Times, and The Warden"; Christopher Kent's "The Angry Young Gentlemen of Tomahawk"; Joanne Shattock's "Margaret Oliphant: Journalist"; Paul Crook's "Benjamin Kidd: Social Prophet as Journalist"; Judy McKenzie's "Paper Heroes: Special Correspondents and their Narratives of Empire"; Chris Tiffin's "Literature and Politics in the Queensland Colonial Press"; Meg Tasker's "Learning Journalism in Australia: Francis W. L. Adams, an Englishman Abroad"; Sue Thomas's "Jean Rhys and Dominican Autoethnography"; Lloyd Davis's "Journalism and Victorian Fiction"; and H arris's "P. D. Edwards: Victorianist."

Gill, Stephen. Wordsworth and the Victorians. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1998.

Gill's volume explores the development of Wordsworth as a cultural icon and the different ways in which his reputation was created. In addition, Gill traces Wordsworth's importance as a laureate of Nature and an advocate of environmental protection. Gill comments on Wordsworth's role in the fight to establish the National Trust more than thirty years after his death.

Gleason, William A. The Leisure Ethic: Work and Play in American Literature, 1840-1940. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1999.

Gleason examines opposed strains surrounding the turn to play in the American search for fulfillment in their leisure activities and analyzes its impact on nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century American literature. This study argues that American writers partook in the ongoing debates over labor and leisure more than is generally known, and Gleason demonstrates how literature both replied to and assisted in shaping the emerging gospel of play. Gleason also shows that discourses of leisure involved some of the most important issues of the time: women's rights, public health, race relations, mass culture, and the nature and meaning of work itself.

Goodman, Nan. Shifting the Blame: Literature, Law, and the Theory of Accidents in Nineteenth-century America. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1998.

Utilizing legal cases, legal debates, and fiction, including works by James Fenimore Cooper, Mark Twain, Stephen Crane, and Charles Chesnutt, Goodman explores the changing conceptions of responsibility and agency in nineteenth-century America. In addition, Goodman displays how courts shifted from the doctrine of strict liability to a new philosophy of liability that accented fault and negligence. Goodman's volume investigates the impact that this new theory of accountability had in comprehension of industrial hazards, in manufacturing dangers, and in the stories that were told and retold about accidents. In effect, this study recreates the larger cultural narratives in which lawyers and judges operated.

Greene, Sally, ed. Virginia Woolf: Reading the Renaissance. Athens: Ohio UP, 1999.

Selections include Greene's "Introduction"; Greene's "Michelet, Woolf, and the Idea of the Renaissance"; Nicola Luckhurst's "'To quote my quotation from Montaigne"'; Reginald Abbot's "Rought with Rubies: Virginia Woolf and the Virgin Queen"; Anne E. Fernald's "The Memory Palace of Virginia Woolf'; Lisa Low's "'Listen and save': Woolf s Allusion to Comus in Her Revolutionary First Novel"; Diana E. Henderson's "Rewriting Family Ties: Woolf s Renaissance Romance"; Kelly Anspaugh's "Circe Resartus: To the Lighthouse and William Browne of Tavistock's Circe and Ulysses Masque"; Rebecca Laroche's "Laura at the Crossroads: A Room of One's Own and the Elizabethan Sonnet"; Diane F. Gillespie's "Through Woolf's 'I's: Donne and The Waves"; and David McWhirter's "Woolf, Eliot, and the Elizabethans: The Politics of Modernist Nostalgia."

Hanson, Elizabeth. Discovering the Subject in Renaissance England. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1998.

Hanson contends that the development of other people as objects of discovery sparked a redefining of the "subject" in both the political and philosophical sense of the term. Hanson explores the records of state torture, plays by Shakespeare and Jonson, various pamphlets, and Francis Bacon's philosophical writings to show that the subject was both under skepticism and enabled in this period. Hanson rebuilds earlier endeavors to find the rise of modern subjectivity in the Renaissance, reasoning for a more localized comprehension of the relationship with its medieval past.

Hart, Kevin. Samuel Johnson and the Culture of Property. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1999.

Hart's volume maps the vast literary legacy and reputation of Samuel Johnson. With essays on Johnson's main works, Hart provides thematic discussions of Johnson's views on the experience of women in the eighteenth century, politics, imperialism, religion, and travel through chapters covering his life, conversation, letters, and critical reception. Through careful analyses of the biographers and critics who chronicled Johnson's life or posterity, Hart examines the emergence of what came to be called "the Age of Johnson."

Hartman, James D. Providence Tales and the Birth of American Literature. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1999.

Hartman's volume discovers the origin of the captivity narrative in the English providence tale and its metamorphosis in the seventeenth century. Also, Hartman proposes that religious writers were challenged with attacks on their faith by the growing cultural forces of empiricism, skepticism, and atheism. By exploring the cultural context in which both English providence tales and their American counterparts arose, Hartman provides a reexamination of the beginnings of American Literature.

Hawes, Clement, ed. Christopher Smart and the Enlightenment. New York: St. Martin's, 1999.

Selections include Hawes's "Introduction"; Marcus Walsh's "'Community of Mind': Chirstopher Smart and the Poetics of Allusion"; Edward Joseph Katz's "'Action and Speaking Are One': A Logological Reading of Smart's Prophetic Rhetoric"; Mark Booth's "Syntax and Paradigm in Smart's Hymns for the Amusement of Children"; Todd Parker's "Smart's Enlightened Parables and the Problem of Genre"; Eric Miller's "Taxonomy and Confession in Christopher Smart and Jean-Jacques Rousseau"; Betty Rizzo's "Christopher Smart's Poetics"; Lance Bertelsen's "'Neutral Nonsense, neither false nor true': Christopher Smart and the Paper War(s)"; Fraser Easton's "'Mary's Key' and the Poet's Conception: The Orphic versus the Mimetic Artist in Jubilate Agno"; Hawes's Johnson, Madness, and Smart"; Tom Keymer's "The Utopian Public Sphere: Intersubjectivity in Jubilate Agno"; Benjamin Britten's "Rejoice in the Lamb: William Kumbier Figural Invention, 'Impression,' and the Open Text"; Karina Willamson's "Surfing the Intertext: Smart among the Moderns"; Amittai F. Aviram's "Poetic Envoi: Epistle of Mrs. Frances Burney to Dr. Samuel Johnson Regarding the Most Unfortunate Mr. Christopher Smart"; and Karina Willamson's "Twentieth-Century Encounters with Christopher Smart."

Hirst, Derek, and Richard Strier, eds. Writing and Political Engagement in Seventeenth-Century England. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1999.

Selections include Hirst and Strier's "Introduction"; Strier's "'I am Power': Normal and Magical Politics in The Tempest"; Stanley Fish's "'Void of storie': The Struggle for Insincerity in Herbert's Prose and Poetry"; Jackson I. Cope's "Sir Kenelm Digby's Rewritings of His Life"; Quentin Skinner's "Thomas Hobbes and the Renaissance studia humanitatis"; Barbara Donagan's "Casuistry and Allegiance in the English Civil War"; J. G. A. Pocock's "Thomas May and the Narrative of Civil War"; Hirst's "Samuel Parker, Andrew Marvell, and Political Culture"; and Victoria Silver's "Sidney's Discourses on Political Imagoes and Royalist Iconography."

Hufstader, Jonathan. Tongue of Water, Teeth of Stone: Northern Irish Poetry and Social Violence. Lexington: U of Kentucky P, 1999.

Hufstader examines the resources of poetic form and language in their different replies to cultural conflict and political violence. In addition, Hufstader concentrates on the tension between solidarity and art and the poet's need to belong and to rebel. Hufstader explores the connection between lyric poetry and political violence in Northern Ireland.

Imbarrato, Susan Clair. Declarations of Independency in Eighteenth-Century American Autobiography. Knoxville: U of Tennessee P, 1998.

Imbarrato explores the shifts in the autobiographical voice of America through the evolution from a colonial society to an independent republic. Imbarrato also traces the progress of early American autobiography from the self-examination of the Puritan journal to the self-inventiveness inherent in eighteenth-century writings. In addition, Imbarrato closely examines the ways in which the first-person narrative construed a strong perception of its own subjectivity.

Jackson-Houlston, C. M. Ballads, Songs, and Snatches: The Appropriation of Folk Song and Popular culture in British Nineteenth-Century Realist Prose. Brookfield: Ashgate, 1999.

Jackson-Houlston's volume concentrates on allusions to folksong and popular culture in literature. Jackson-Houlston comments on how nineteenth-century authors took songs out of their original contexts and denigrated the novels and stories they tried to represent. Jackson-Houlston contends that some of the authors of the time believed that allusions to these songs were a covert system of reference to sexuality and the criticism of class and gender relations.

Keeley, Edmund. Inventing Paradise: The Greek Journey, 1937-47. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1999.

Through memoir, literary criticism, and interpretative narrative, Keeley's volume examines the poetry, friendships, and politics that flourished between the writers and poets of Greece's fabled Generation of the 1930s and Henry Miller and Lawrence Durrell. Keeley explores the ways in which Miller and Durrell's journey to Greece affected their art and subsequently their lives. Keeley also comments upon how Miller and Durrell reaffirmed the Greek poets' spirit and sense of the life of their own country. Keeley offers a cultural historical approach to this brief span of time and reflects how the works that emerged from the experience influenced generations for years to come.

Kneale, J. Douglas. Romantic Aversions: Aftermaths of Classicism in Wordsworth and Coleridge. Quebec City: McGill-Queen's UP, 1999.

Kneale's volume comments on the literary historical period of Romanticism and the writers, such as Wordsworth and Coleridge, who sought to found new literary principles. Kneale traces how the Romantics created a highly intertextual style that both denied and revealed a reliance on classical and neoclassical conventions. Utilizing close readings of key Romantic texts, Kneale also highlights new and unanticipated convergences in the Romantic tradition.

Kramnick, Jonathan Brody. Making the English Canon: Print-capitalism and the Cultural Past, 1700-1770. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1998.

Kramnick's volume explores the origins of the English canon during the first two thirds of the eighteenth century. Kramnick provides close readings of periodical essays, editions, treatises, reviews, disquisitions, pamphlets, and poems to narrate the evolution of modern literary study and the rise of a national literary tradition in the formation of a public culture. In addition, Kramnick suggests that the source of literary criticism did not begin in the rise of the public sphere, but in the development of publicity and specialization.

Levin, Michael. The Conditions of England Question: Carlyle, Mill, Engels. New York: St. Martin's, 1998.

Levin's volume explores the 1840s in the light of the writings of Thomas Carlyle, John Stuart Mill, and Friedrich Engel. In addition, Levin examines the tensions that came from the development of England into an industrial power. Levin traces how welfare and health declined during this period of industrialization of the major cities.

Levine, Joseph M. Between the Ancients and the Moderns: Baroque Culture in Restoration England. New Haven: Yale UP, 1999.

Levine's volume suggests that the tension between the ancients and moderns led to a sense of a Baroque character. Through an examination of John Evelyn, John Dryden, Sieur de Saint-Evremond, and Christopher Wren, Levine shows how each of these men started with a modern vision, but ended up accepting a dose of anciennette. Levine argues that these writers were prophesizing future dilemmas of modernity.

Malcolmson, Cristina. Heart-Work: George Herbert and the Protestant Ethic. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1999.

Malcolmson fixes George Herbert's writing and biography within the history of social and economic change in seventeenth-century England. Drawing on the works of Max Weber, Raymond Williams, and the Protestant preachers of the period, Malcolmson suggests that the doctrine of vocation is the shaping principle of The Temple and the prose manual of The Country Parson, which coordinate inward devotion with outward social role like the soul with the body. In addition, Malcolmson examines the poetic coterie out of which Herbert's lyrics were generated, the remarkable revisions that erased an earlier version of The Temple authorizing social mobility, and the role of class in the poetic collection as well as in modern critical accounts. This study reasons that Herbert's works and those of his family make visible the influence of and the resistance to the new capitalist economic system emerging in the early modern period.

Morrissey, Lee. From the Temple to the Castle: An Architectural History of British Literature, 1660-1760. Charlottesville: UP of Virginia, 1999.

By surveying the connections between literature and architecture in the work of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century British writers and by exploring architecture in literary terms, Morrissey maps an account of cultural shift in the Augustan Age and beyond. Morrissey also analyzes the architectural references made by these authors and architectural publications available to them. In addition, Morrissey determines a connection between the architecture in the career of an author and then shows how a particular text focuses timely issues of the period in architectural terms.

Murphy, Andrew. But the Irish Sea Betwixt Us: Ireland, Colonialism, and Renaissance Literature. Lexington: UP of Kentucky, 1999.

Murphy's volume discusses the influence of Irish politics on English Renaissance literature and the view of Ireland as the object of colonialism. However, Murphy argues that the English view of Ireland did not agree with this notion of Ireland as a colonial activity. Murphy posits that Ireland's position was complex due to political, religious, and ethnic heritage that they have shared with England for centuries.

Myers, Robin, and Michael Harris, eds. Journeys through the Market: Travel, Travellers, and the Book Trade. New Castle: Oak Knoll P, 1999.

Selections include Anthony Payne's "'Strange, remote, and farre distant countreys': The Travel Books of Richard Hakluyt"; Harris's "Shipwrecks in Print: Representations of Maritime Disaster in the Late Seventeenth Century"; Jeremy Black's "The Grand Tour"; Giles Barber's "The English-Language Guide Book to Europe up to 1870"; Charles Newton's "Illustrated Books of the Middle East, 1800-1850"; Bill Bell's "Bound for Australia: Shipboard Reading in the Nineteenth Century"; and Andrew Tatham's "The Information Resources of the Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers)."

Ortner, Sherry B., ed. The Fate of "Culture": Geertz and Beyond. Berkeley: U of California P, 1999.

Selections include Ortner's "Introduction"; Stephen Greenblatt's "The Touch of the Real"; Renato I. Rosaldo, Jr.'s "A Note on Geertz as a Cultural Essayist"; William H. Sewell, Jr.'s "Geertz, Cultural Systems, and History: From Synchrony to Transformation"; Natalie Zemon Davis's "Religion and Capitalism Once Again? Jewish Merchant Culture in the Seventeenth Century"; George E. Marcus's "The Uses of Complicity in the Changing Mise-en-Scene of Anthropological Fieldwork"; Lila Abu-Lughod's "The Interpretation of Culture(s) after Television"; and Ortner's "Thick Resistance: Death and the Cultural Construction of Agency in Himalayan Mountaineering."

Parker, Blanford. The Triumph of Augustan Poetics: English Literary Culture from Butler to Johnson. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1998.

Parker's volume presents an important re-evaluation of the passage from Baroque to Augustan in English literature. Parker depicts Augustan satire as a movement contrary to the "controversial disputation" of the seventeenth century toward a general satire which mocks Protestant, Anglican, and Catholic in equal capacity, as well as the poetic traditions that supported them. Parker also explores how a "literalism," fresh to European ideology, can be observed to have replaced the general satire and how, during this time, Pope and Thomson originated a new art of natural description concurrent with the rise of the novel.

Piper, William Bowman. Reconcilable Differences in Eighteenth-Century English Literature. Cranbury: Associated UP, 1999.

Piper's volume explores major works by Swift, Gay, Pope, Radcliffe, and Austen with the awareness of the sense of perceptualism that they must have possessed. In addition, Piper examines the connections between their works and the philosophy of perceptualism.

Potter, Tiffany. Honest Sins: Georgian Libertinism and the Plays and Novels of Henry Fielding. Quebec City: McGill-Queen UP, 1999.

Potter's volume traces how English libertinism shifted from the violent, oversexualized Hobbesian libertine, to the well-mannered Georgian libertinism. Potter examines the traditional view of Fielding as warm-blooded and a practical moralist in relation to his relationship with mediated libertinism. In addition, Potter explores the characters of Fielding's work and how they reflected his balance of masculinity and femininity, his understanding of virtue, and individualism, privilege, and passion of the libertine discourse.

Prettejohn, Elizabeth. After the Pre-Raphaclites: Art and Aestheticism in Victorian England. New Brunswick: Rutgers UP, 1999.

Selections include Prettejohn's "Introduction"; Alastair Grieve's "Rossetti and the Scandal of Art for Art's Sake in the Early 1860's"; Prettejohn's "Walter Pater and Aesthetic Painting"; Robin Spencer's "Whistler, Swinburne, and Art for Art's sake"; Anne Koval's "The 'Artists' Have Come Out and the 'British' Remain: The Whistler Fact at Society of British Artists"; Robyn Asleson's "Nature and Abstraction in the Aesthetic Development of Albert Moore"; Caroline Arscott's "Poynter and the Arty"; Kate Flint's "Edward Burne-Jones's The Mirror of Venus: Surface and Subjectivity in the Art Criticism of the 1870s"; Colin Cruise's "Versions of the Annunciation: Wilde's Aestheticism and the Message of Beauty"; Whitney Davis's "The Image in the Middle: John Addington Symonds and Homoerotic Art Criticism"; Alison Smith's "The 'British Matron' and the Body Beautiful: The Nude Debate of 1885"; and Michael Hatt's "Physical Culture: The Male Nude and Sculpture in Late Victorian Britain."

Priestman, Martin. Romantic Atheism: Poetry and Freethought, 1780-1830. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1999.

Priestman examines the links between English Romantic poetry and the emergence of atheism in Britain. In addition, Priestman explores the work of Blake, Coleridge, Wordsworth, Shelley, Byron, and Keats during their most radical periods. Priestman investigates the excitement of Romantic atheism and the effects that it had on politics, science, and comparative mythology.

Ryle, Martin. Journeys in Ireland: Literary Travellers, Rural Landscapes, Cultural Relations. Brookfield: Ashgate, 1999.

Ryle's volume chronicles a wide range of travel writing about rural Ireland, as well as produces evidence about the evolution of tourism. In addition, Ryle examines accounts by American and English anthropologists as well as writings by Irish authors such as J. M. Synge, George Moore, Scan O'Faolain, and Cohn Toibin. Ryle demonstrates how the acts of travel for the sake of enjoyment have been affected by the prospects of power and proprietorship, hegemony, and resistance that have distinguished Anglo-Irish and Hiberno-English cultural relations over the last two centuries.

Sadrin, Anny, ed. Dickens, Europe, and the New Worlds. New York: St. Martin's, 1999.

Selections include Dominic Rainsford's "Crossing the Channel with Dickens"; Sadrin's "Why D.I.J.O.N.? Crossing Forbidden Boudaries in Dombey and Son"; Michael Hollington's "Dickens, Household Words and the Paris Boulevards"; Ronald R. Thomas's "Spectacle and Speculation: the Victorian Economy of Vision in Little Dorritt"; Lawrence Frank's "Pictures from Italy: Dickens, Rome and the Eternal City of the Mind"; Patrick McCarthy's "Truth in American Notes"; Nancy Metz's "The Life and Adventures of Martin Chuzzlewit: Or, America Revised"; Jennifcr Gribble's "Borrioboola-Gha: Dickens, John Jarndyce and the Heart of Darkness"; Brian Cheadle's "Despatched to the Periphery: the Changing Play of Centre and Periphery in Dickens's Work"; James Buzard's "'Anywhere's Nowhere': Dickens on the Move"; Tore Rem's "Little Dorritt, Pictures from Italy and John Bull"; Malcolm Andrews's "Charles Dickens and His Performing Selves"; Matthias Bauer's "Foreign Languages and Original Understanding in Little Dorrit"; Sara Thornton's "Foreign Bodies: Acceptance and Rejection of the Alien in the Dickensian Text"; John C. Hawley's "'A Far Better Rest I Go To':

Dickens and the Undiscovered Country"; Paul Schlicke's "The 'Other World' of 'A Lazy Tour of Two Idle Apprentices'"; K. J. Fielding and Shu Fang Lai's "Dickens's Science, Evolution, and 'The Death of the Sun'"; "'Negative Homogeneity': Our Mutual Friend, Richard Owen and the 'New Worlds' of Victorian Biology"; Sylvere Monod's "Translating Dickens into French"; John O. Jordan's "Dickens and Diaspora"; Neil Forsyth's "No, but I Saw the Film: David Lean Remakes Oliver Twist"; Patricia Plummer's "From Agnes Fleming to Helena Landless: Dickens, Women and (Post-) Colonialism"; Robert M. Polhemus's "'Doveyed Covetfilles': How Joyce Used Dickens to Put a Lot of the Old World into the New"; and Roger D. Self's "Modernist Readings Mediated: Dickens and the New Worlds of Later Generations."

Scanlan, Thomas. Colonial Writing and the New World, 1583-1671. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1999.

Scanlan's volume traces the beginnings of European colonialism and its American consequences. Scanlan provides evidence that during the early modern period there was a simultaneous emergence of colonialism and nationalism. In addition, Scanlan examines how the English interactions with the natives were an attempt to form a coherent English identity.

Schneer, Jonathan. London 1900: The Imperial Metropolis. New Haven: Yale UP, 1999.

Schneer's volume examines the city of London at the turn of the century and its place in the powerful British Empire. In addition, Schneer concentrates on the diverse and opposing personalities of London and its population. Schneer argues that the people of London made and remade their city as they continue to do today.

Schwarz, Daniel R. Imagining the Holocaust. New York: St. Martin's, 1999.

Schwarz's volume explores the well-known Holocaust narratives that have affected the way readers view the events of that time. In addition, Schwarz argues that authors begin to stray from the actual events and incorporate fantasy and parable. Providing close readings of Wiesel's Night, Levi's Survival at Auschwitz, Borowski's This Way for the Gas, Ladies and Gentleman, and Spiegelman's Maus, among others, Schwarz examines how different audiences react to these emotionally charged texts.

Scragg, Donald, and Carole Weinberg, eds. Literary Appropriations of the Anglo-Saxons from the Thirteenth to the Twentieth century. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2000.

Selections include Donald Scragg's "Introduction: The Anglo-Saxons: Fact and Fiction"; Weinberg's "Victor and Victim: A View of the Anglo-Saxons' Past in Lazamon's Brut"; Sarah Mitchell's "Kings, Constitution, and Crisis: 'Robert of Gloucester' and the Anglo-Saxon Remedy"; Jill Frederick's "The South English Legendary: Anglo-Saxon Saints and National Identity"; John Frankis's "King /Elle and the Conversion of the English: The Development of a Legend from Bede to Chaucer"; Leah Scragg's "Saxons versus Danes: The Anonymous Edmund Ironside"; Briggs's "New Times and Old Stories: Middleton's Hengist"; Jacqueline Pearson's "Crushing the Convent and the Dread Bastille: The AngloSaxons, Revolution, and Gender in Women's Plays of the 1790s"; Lynda Pratt's "Anglo-Saxon Attitudes?: Alfred the Great and the Romantic National Epic"; Andrew Sanders's "'Utter indifference'?: The Anglo-Saxons in the Nineteenth-Century Novel"; Edward B. Irving, Jr.'s "The Charge of the Saxon Brigade: Tennyson's Battle of Brunanburb"; Daniel Donoghue's "Lady Godiva"; and T. A. Shippey's "The Undeveloped Image: Anglo-Saxon in Popular Consciousness from Turner to Tolkien."

Selborne, Joanna. British Wood-Engraved Book illustration, 1904-1940: A Break with Tradition. London: Butler and Tanner, 1998.

Selborne's volume studies how various wood-engravers made a significant impact on the appearance of the printed page, transforming good books into works of art and influencing modern standards of book production. In addition, Selborne explores the methods by which these pioneering artists broke with nineteenth-century illustrative practices. Also, Selborne examines the subject in relation to its cultural and historical background and within the context of mainstream developments in the visual arts, placing emphasis on the working relationship of illustrators with both private presses and commercial publishers.

Shifflett, Andrew. Stoicism, Politics, and Literature in the Age of Milton: War and Peace Reconciled. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1998.

Shifflett presents an original exploration of key seventeenth-century writers in the context of their conjunctive interest in the republican, libertarian, and oppositional possibility of the philosophical heritage of Stoicism. In addition, Shifflett's study examines how the Stoic ethos adopted several conflicting moral and political concepts. Shifflett argues, through close readings of Marvell, Katherine Philips, and Milton, that these writers shared more than previous philosophical, political, and aesthetic categories have accredited.

Smethurst, James Edward. The New Red Negro: The Literary Left and African American Poetry, 1930-1946. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1999.

Smethurst's volume discusses the relationship between the thematic and formal choices of African-American poets. In addition, Smethurst explores the poetry by writers both canonical and unknown. Smethurst examines the unstable yoking of cultural nationalism, integrationism, and internationalism within the context of class struggle.

Smith, Molly. Breaking Boundaries: Polities and Play in the Drama of Shakespeare and His Contemporaries. Brookfield: Ashgate, 1998.

Smith's volume explores the cutting edge drama that explored the boundaries between social, political, and cultural movements of several kinds. Smith's volume also investigates the manner in which texts by Renaissance authors reflect, question, and influence their society's ideological interests. In the works of Kyd, Shakespeare, Beaumont and Fletcher, Webster, Middleton, Massinger and Ford, Smith distinguishes the concurrent serious and jovial allocation of popular cultural manners, an appropriation which was deftly inverted by authorities in the political drama of Charles I's public trial and execution in 1649.

Snyder, Katherine V. Bachelors, Manhood, and the Novel, 1850-1925. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1999.

Snyder's volume examines the significance of the bachelor narrator, a prevalent but little recognized figure in premodernist and modernist fiction by male authors. Including authors such as Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry James, Joseph Conrad, Ford Madox Ford, and F. Scott Fitzgerald, Snyder illustrates that bachelors functioned in cultural and literary discourse as threshold figures who, by crossing the shifting boundaries of bourgeois domesticity, highlighted the limits of conventional masculinity. Snyder's study exposes the aesthetic and political underpinnings of the traditional canon of English and American male modernism.

Sullivan, Jr., Garrett A. The Drama of Landscape: Land, Property, and Social Relations on the Early Modern Stage. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1998.

Sullivan examines how early modern plays, such as Shakespeare's King Lear, Cymbeline, and Richard II, Heywood's I Edward IV, Brome's A Jovial Crew, and the anonymous Arden of Faversham and Woodstock, interfere with the restructuring of land and land ownership in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Utilizing ballads, estate surveys, accounts of coronation processions, county atlases and spaces, the highway, the city, and the market town, among other textual constructs, Sullivan's volume explores these texts in pursuit of his goal of recovering forgotten landscapes in England. Sullivan posits that early modern dramatic texts produce a relationship between social factors and the land.

Thomas, Helen. Romanticism and Slave Narratives: Transatlantic Testimonies. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2000.

By comparing canonical Romantic texts to the writings of the African diaspora, Thomas traces English literary Romanticism in the context of a transatlantic culture and African culture in the context of eighteenth-century Britain. Thomas examines thc connections with literature produced by slaves, slave owners, abolitionists, and radical dissenters between 1770 and 1830. Thomas exposes an intertextual dialogue between two diverse yet equally rich cultural spheres and their corresponding systems of thought, epistemology, and expression.

Tumbleson, Raymond D. Catholicism in the English Protestant Imagination: Nationalism, Religion, and Literature, 1 600-1 745. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1998.

Tumbleson explores the role of anti-Catholic rhetoric in late seventeenth- and early eighteenth-century England. In addition, Tumbleson notes how the fear of the Popery ultimately became a principal guarantor of the Hanoverian oligarchy. Tumbleson's volume studies the neglected relationships between poetry and prose, literature and polemic, the Reformation and the Augustan age.

Turner, Frederick. Shakespeare's Twenty-First Century Economics: The Morality of Love and Money. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1999.

Turner posits in his volume that society needs a new, humane, evolutionary economics--a capitalism with a human face--that fully expresses the moral, spiritual, and aesthetic relationship among persons and things as envisioned by William Shakespeare in verse centuries ago. Drawing from close readings of the Sonnets, The Winter's Tale, King Lear, The Merchant of Venice, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Henry IV, The Tempest, and Antony and Cleopatra, Turner furnishes a lexicon of common words and a variety of familial and cultural situations in an economic context.

Urstad, Tone Sundt. Sir Robert Walpole's Poets: The Use of Literature as Pro-Government Propaganda, 1721-1742. Cranbury: Associated UP, 1999.

Urstad re-examines the literature of the Walpole era and evaluates its pro-government themes. Urstad also explores the influence of the government on the publishing community. Urstad probes the myth that the talent and ability of writers were all on the opposite side of Walpole.

Varney, Andrew. Eighteenth-Century Writers in Their World. New York: St. Martin's, 1999.

Varney's volume traces the key details and features of English culture in the first half of the eighteenth century. In addition, Varney offers discussions of works such as Robinson Crusoe, The Rape of the Lock, Tom Jones, and Gulliver's Travels in an effort to explore the cultural themes of the time. Varney posits that during the early eighteenth century there was little difference between the world of letters and the world of affairs.

Warner, J. Christopher. Henry VIII's Divorce: Literature and the Politics of the Printing Press. Woodbridge: Boydell, 1998.

Warner's volume traces the text-by-text progress of the feud between the king's printer, Thomas Berthelet, and the Rastell family, the kinsmen of the Lord Chancellor Sir Thomas More. Warner comments on the political and literary feud between the two parties and also upon their legitimate claims to be "speaking for the king." Warner relies on certain texts printed by the two feuding houses to supplement his argument.

Welch, Robert. The Abbey Theatre, 1899-1999: Form and Pressure. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2000.

Welch's volume explores many Irish dramas with a detailed study of their form and their content. Welch examines such themes in the Abbey Theatre's output as the vision of an ideal community, the revival of Irish heritage, the hunger for land and money, and the profound changes occurring in the country. Welch investigates the role of directors and policy-makers and the struggle for financial security.

Whittaker, Jason. William Blake and the Myths of Britain. New York: St. Martin's, 1999.

Whittaker offers the first full-length study of Blake's use of British mythology and history. In addition, Whittaker discusses the revival of interest in the legends of Britain during the eighteenth century and how Blake applied these in his extraordinary prophetic histories of the giant Albion. Whittaker examines how Blake appropriated a radical view of antiquarian history by exploiting the links between the human sacrifices of ancient tyrants and those of contemporary wars.

Wilson, Eric. Emerson's Sublime Science. New York: St. Martin's, 1999.

Wilson examines the associations in Emerson's poetics, theory of the sublime, and fascination with electromagnetism. Spanning 1832 to 1836, Wilson's study investigates the manner in which Emerson's sublime universe, where matter is a boundless electrical force, was influenced by Davy's chemistry and Faraday's physics. Wilson explores Emerson's Romanticism and discovers a correlation between science, poetics, and aesthetics.

Wyatt, John. Wordsworth's Poems of Travel, 1819-42: 'Such Sweet Wayfaring.' New York: St. Martin's, 1999.

Wyatt's volume explores the sets of poems arising from Wordsworth's short journeys in Yorkshire, Scotland, the Isle of Man, and more substantial itineraries in Europe. Although the poems were spread through later editions, Wyatt pilots the reader through the texts as they were first intended for nineteenth-century readership. Wyatt remarks on how, after Wordsworth's fiftieth year, his publications took new directions, which have been rejected or regarded as mysteries by later generations.

Ziolkowski, Theodore. The View from the Tower: Origins of an Antimodernist Image. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1998.

Ziolkowski's volume examines the reasons why four major poets and thinkers moved into towers after World War I. Investigating the lives of W. B. Yeats, Robinson Jeffers, R. M. Rilke, and C. G. Jung, Ziolkowski comments upon the biographical conditions that coerced these writers to choose towers in order to retreat from the world. Ziolkowski discusses how the classic modernists, such as Eliot, Woolf, and Hart Crane, argued that the broken tower was an image of a crumbling past, yet these writers saw it as a form of literary empowerment.

William Baker (wbaker@niu.edu), MLS, is professor, Department of English and University Libraries, at Northern Illinois University. He is the editor of George Eliot-George Henry Lewes Studies and his two-volume edition of The Letters of Wilkie Collins was recently honored by Choice as one of 2000's most outstanding academic books.

Matthew T. Masucci (mtm176@psu.edu) serves as an editorial assistant for Interdisciplinary Literary Studies: A Journal of Criticism and Theory, as well as the production editor for Hard Freight, Penn State Altoona's magazine of the visual and literary arts.

Kenneth Womack (kawl6@psu.edu) is assistant professor of English at Penn State Altoona. In addition to co-authoring Recent Work in Critical Theory, 1989-1995: An Annotated Bibliography and co-editing the Dictionary of Literary Biography's three-volume British Book-Collectors and Bibliographers series, he has published numerous articles on twentieth-century British and American literature, as well as on bibliography and textual criticism. He is editor of interdisciplinary Literary Studies: A Journal of Criticism and Theory.

(*.) Thanks must go to colleagues without whom this bibliography could not have been compiled, especially to Andrca E. Womack, Norman Vogt, head of the Acquisitions and Serials department, Northern Illinois University, and his staff.

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