Recent work in critical theory - bibliography of recently published books from the Northern Illinois University libraries

William Baker

This alphabetically arranged bibliography annotates recently published books and is based primarily on materials coming into the Northern Illinois University libraries between June 1995 and July 1996. Inclusion does not mean exclusion in a subsequent Style bibliography or review. Our remarks will simply convey the basic content of each item as objectively as possible. The publication dates for most of the items are 1995 and 1996, although some monographs have earlier imprints. As noted in previous surveys of "Recent Work in Critical Theory," it has been difficult to arrange systematically in subject categories the wealth of recent material in the field of critical theory; some placement is ineluctably arbitrary. While only too aware of the limitations of categories, we have adopted the following rubrics: 1. General; 2. Semiotics, Narratology, Rhetoric, and Language Systems; 3. Postmodernism and Deconstruction; 4. Reader-Response and Phenomenological Criticism; 5. Feminist and Gender Studies; 6. Psychoanalytic Criticism; 7. Cultural and Historical Criticism.

(1) General

Ackroyd, Peter. Blake: A Biography. New York: Knopf, 1996.

Ackroyd's biography of Blake traces the poet's life from his childhood in a Dissenter's household and his apprenticeship as an engraver through his studies at the Royal Academy Schools and the authorship of his masterworks, including Songs of Innocence and Experience, Jerusalem, and Milton. Ackroyd affords particular attention to the historical context of Blake's life in eighteenth-century London, a world marked by contradictory elements of radicalism, mysticism, and rationalism. Ackroyd also offers interpretations of Blake's paintings and engravings.

Alpers, Paul. What Is Pastoral? Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1996.

Alpers argues that pastoral literature finds its roots in a fundamental fiction that the lives of shepherds or other socially humble figures represent the lives of workaday human beings. Drawing upon such works as Virgil's Eclogues and Sarah Orne Jewett's The Country of the Pointed Firs, Alpers traces the pastoral's roots from classical and Renaissance literature through the twentieth century. He also offers close readings of works by Shakespeare, Cervantes, Wordsworth, Hardy, and Frost, among others.

Ashton, Rosemary. The Life of Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Oxford: Blackwell, 1996.

Ashton traces the complex personal of Coleridge through analyses of the interconnections between his prose and verse writings and his private opinions and emotions. In addition to exploring his close friendships with such figures as Charles Lamb and Thomas Poole, Ashton discusses the substantial influence of German philosophy upon Coleridge's theoretical base. Ashton also examines Coleridge's significant influence upon such Victorian thinkers as John Stuart Mill and Thomas Carlyle.

Bain, Robert, ed. Whitman's and Dickinson's Contemporaries: An Anthology of Their Verse. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1996.

Bain's edition attempts to reconstruct the American poetic landscape during the age of Whitman and Dickinson. He anthologizes the work of a variety of poets, including John Greenleaf Whittier, James Russell Lowell, Lydia Huntley Sigourney, and Paul Laurence Dunbar, among a wide range of other writers. Bain contextualizes their work within the historical framework of the mid to latter half of the nineteenth century, with particular emphasis upon such events as the Civil War and the Mexican War in the late 1840s.

Baker, Carlos. Emerson among the Eccentrics: A Group Portrait. New York: Viking, 1996.

The late Carlos Baker explores the writers of the American Renaissance, including Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Amos Bronson Alcott, and Margaret Fuller. In addition to examining the journals and correspondence of these writers, Baker attempts to reconstruct the historical era of nineteenth-century Concord, Massachusetts the virtual Mecca of the American Renaissance movement's intelligentsia. Baker affords special attention to Emerson's central role as the American Renaissance's intellectual center, as well as his multiple vocations as preacher, lecturer, editor, farmer, and poet.

Belford, Barbara. Bram Stoker: A Biography of the Author of Dracula. New York: Knopf, 1996.

Belford traces the life of Bram Stoker through her analysis of his public and private faces. In addition to discussing Stoker's life as the innovative manager of London's Lyceum Theatre and his place among Victorian society's glitterati, Belford explores the writer's private obsessions in his novels with such forbidden subjects as seduction, rape, necrophilia, incest, and voyeurism. Belford also examines Stoker's place among the writers of his day, including Mark Twain, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, James Whistler, Alfred Lord Tennyson, and George Bernard Shaw.

Bercovitch, Sacvan, ed. The Cambridge History of American Literature. Volume Eight: Poetry and Criticism, 1940-1995. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996.

Bercovitch's volume includes two expansive chapters that trace the development of American poetry and criticism from the 1940s through the latter half of the twentieth century. Selections include Robert von Hallberg's "Poetry, Politics, and Intellectuals" and Evan Carton and Gerald Graff's "Criticism since 1940." The volume concludes with a "Chronology, 1940-1995."

Birbalsingh, Frank, ed. Frontiers of Caribbean Literature in English. New York: St. Martin's, 1996.

Selections include George Lamming's "Concepts of the Caribbean"; Lamming's "Africa and the Caribbean"; Derek Walcott's "The Sea Is History"; Andrew Salkey's "Bright as Blisters"; Jan Carew's "The Wild Coast"; Samuel Selvon's "The Open Society or Its Enemies?"; Roy A. K. Heath's "Continuing Colonialism"; Austin Clarke's "Caribbean-Canadians"; Cyril Dabydeen's "Here and There"; Dionne Brand's "No Language Is Neutral"; Jamaica Kincaid's "From Antigua to America"; Lorna Goodison's "Heartease"; David Dabydeen's "Coolie Odyssey"; Caryl Phillips's "The Legacy of Othello, Part I"; and Phillips's "The Legacy of Othello, Part II."

Bishop, James, Jr. Epitaph for a Desert Anarchist: The Life and Legacy of Edward Abbey. New York: Atheneum, 1994.

Bishop examines the life and work of the late Edward Abbey, the novelist, essayist, naturalist, philosopher, and social critic who captured the American Southwest in his numerous fiction and nonfictional volumes. Drawing upon Abbey's private papers and correspondence, Bishop traces the writer's life from Appalachian Pennsylvania and the Great Depression through his life as a park ranger in Utah and the publication of such works as Desert Solitaire and The Monkey Wrench Gang. The volume concludes with an "Epilogue" by Charles Bowden.

Bowker, Gordon. Pursued by Furies: A Life of Malcolm Lowry. New York: St. Martin's, 1995.

Bowker examines the tragic life and work of Malcolm Lowry, Conrad Aiken's protege and the author of such celebrated works as Ultramarine and Under the Volcano. In addition to tracing Lowry's experiences in England, British Columbia, and Mexico, Bowker devotes special emphasis to the writer's bouts of alcoholism and depression. Bowker's biography of Lowry benefits from his numerous and candid interviews with the late writer's friends, relatives, wives, and doctors.

Brassai, Gilberte. Henry Miller: The Paris Years. Trans. Timothy Bent. New York: Arcade, 1995.

Brassai examines Henry Miller's life in Paris during the 1930s and discusses its influence upon the writer's masterpieces, including Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn. Well-illustrated with a lavish selection of photographs and numerous, previously unpublished anecdotes, Brassai's study explores Miller's relationships with such figures as Anais Nin and Lawrence Durrell. Brassai also discusses Miller's Paris years as the writer's voyage of self-discovery in which he shed his Puritanical American self in favor of a more liberating, often hedonistic, European demeanor.

Bruccoli, Matthew J., ed. F. Scott Fitzgerald: A Life in Letters. New York: Scribner's, 1994.

Bruccoli offers the most comprehensive edition of Fitzgerald's letters to date. In addition to featuring a variety of letters that detail the writer's composition of his celebrate novels and short stories, Bruccoli's collection traces Fitzgerald's friendships with such literary luminaries as Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, Edmund Wilson, Maxwell Perkins, and the writer's enigmatic wife, Zelda. Bruccoli supplements his edition with useful biographical notes and an expansive index.

Bryant, Marsha, ed. Photo-Textualities: Reading Photographs and Literature. Newark: U of Delaware P, 1996.

Selections include Bryant's introduction; Timothy Sweet's "Photography and the Museum of Rome in Hawthorne's The Marble Faun"; Maria Warehime's "Photography, Time and the Surrealist Sensibility"; Stephen Watt's "Photographs in Biographies: Joyce, Voyeurism, and the Real' Nora Barnacle"; Corey K. Creekmur's "Lost Objects: Photography, Fiction, and Mourning"; Kevin G. Barnhurst's "The Alternative Vision: Lewis Hine's Men at Work and the Dominant Culture"; Bryant's "Auden and the Arctic Stare': Documentary as Public Collage in Letters from Icelanad"; Julia Duffy and Lloyd Davis's "Demythologizing Facts and Photographs in Three Guineas"; Carol Shloss's "Double-Crossing Frontiers: Literature, Photography, and the Politics of Displacement"; and Robert B. Ray's "Afterword: Snapshots, The Beginnings of Photography."

Bygrave, Stephen, ed. Romantic Writings. London: Routledge, 1996.

Selections include Bygrave's introduction; Bygrave's "Romantic Poems and Contexts" and "Versions of British Romantic Writing"; Graham Allen's "Defences of Poetry"; Susan Matthews's "Women Writers and Readers"; Bygrave's "Reading The Prelude"; Graham Allen's "Romantic Verse Narrative"; Bygrave's "Reading Byron"; Amanda Gilroy's "Women Poets 1780-1830"; Allen's "Romantic Allegory"; Nigel Leask's "Colonialism and the Exotic"; Richard Allen's "Reading Kleist and Hoffmann"; Bygrave's "Conclusion"; Stuart Curran's "Romantic Poetry: The I Altered"; Raymond Schwab's "The Oriental Renaissance"; Lord Byron's "The Corsair": Sigmund Freud's "The Uncanny"; and Rene Wellek's "The Concept of Romanticism in Literary History."

Cheuse, Alan, and Nicholas Delbanco, eds. Talking Horse: Bernard Malamud on Life and Work. New York: Columbia UP, 1996.

Cheuse and Delbanco trace the life and work of Bernard Malamud through the author's own words. Drawing upon a wealth of unpublished material including Malamud's speeches, interviews, lesson plans, essays, and previously unavailable notes on the nature of fiction Cheuse and Delbanco offer illuminating discussion of his novels and short stories. In addition to publishing Malamud's commentary on the work of such figures as Lionel Trilling, Flannery O'Connor, Saul Bellow, and Ernest Hemingway, Cheuse and Delbanco feature material regarding Malamud's ideas about the social and ethical responsibilities of writers, as well as his own feelings about fictionally capturing the experiences of American Jewish immigrants.

Cohen, Morton N. Lewis Carroll: A Biography. New York: Knopf, 1995.

Cohen's biography of the enigmatic author of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland traces the author's life as an Oxford don and mathematician, as well as his private life as the author of children's books. Drawing upon previously unpublished family documents pertaining to Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, Cohen examines the evolution of the author's vivid and innovative imagination. Cohen also discusses Dodgson's paradoxical life as a proper Victorian, as well as his private penchant for young girls and the creation of wild, nonsensical literature.

Colby, Vineta, ed. WorM Authors: 1985-1990. New York: Wilson, 1995.

Colby's volume features entries for more than 345 contemporary novelists, playwrights, essayists, biographers, critics, and poets. In addition to detailing the lives and works of writers from around the globe, the entries in Colby's volume explore the impact of contemporary literature upon the enduring world of letters. The entries in Colby's volume include a wide array of authors, from Rudolfo Anaya, Can Xue, V. Y. Mudimbe, and Leonard Kriegel to Eduardo Galeano, Joao Ubaldo Ribeiro, Sandra Cisneros, and Amy Tan.

Davenport-Hines, Richard. Auden. New York: Pantheon, 1995.

Davenport-Hines traces W. H. Auden's various contributions to modern literature as a poet, librettist, and essayist. In addition to exploring Auden's range of experiences in Berlin in the 1920s, Spain and China in the 1930s, and postwar America, Davenport-Hines addresses the writer's impact upon such issues as ideology, spirituality, and sexual attitudes during the era in which he lived.

Davie, Donald. Essays in Dissent: Church, Chapel, and the Unitarian Conspiracy. Manchester: Carcanet, 1995.

Davie's volume collects his previously unpublished lectures on the Enlightenment era, as well as related pieces regarding such issues as literary figures as dissent, Robert Browning, Rudyard Kipling, and the Dictionary of National Biography. Many of the selections were drawn from his participation in the Clark Lectures (1976) and the Ward-Phillips Lectures (1980).

Davis, Philip. Sudden Shakespeare: The Shaping of Shakespeare's Creative Thought. London: Athlone, 1996.

Davis attempts to trace the evolution of Shakespeare's creative thought through close readings of Renaissance philosophy and interviews with present-day actors. In addition to discussing such issues as Shakespeare's use of rhyme scheme and stylistic language, Davis explores the possible interconnections between Montaigne's ontology and Shakespeare's dramatic works. Davis also applies the tenets of performance theory to his analyses of Shakespeare's plays.

Davison, Peter. George Orwell: A Literary Life. New York: St. Martin's, 1996.

Davison's account of Orwell's life attempts to trace the impact of various external influences upon the novelist's life and work. In addition to examining his relationship with publishers and editors, Davison examines Orwell's experiences in the Spanish Civil War, as well as at the BBC. Davison explores the novelist's activities during the Cold War and details his earning from 1922 through 1945, while also discussing the manner in which his dismal financial state affected the authorship of such works as Down and Out and Nineteen Eighty-Four.

Den Otter, Sandra M. British Idealism and Social Explanation in Late Victorian Thought. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996.

Den Otter locates the origins of late Victorian thought in the philosophical and naturalistic works of Hegel, Mill, Darwin, and Spencer. In addition to exploring the impact of social evolution and idealism upon Victorian philosophy, Den Otter maps the theoretical bases of the intelligentsia in late-nineteenth-century England.

De St. Jorre, John. Venus Bound: The Erotic Voyage of the Olympia Press and Its Writers. New York: Random, 1994.

De St. Jorre's study explores the Olympia Press's publication of a variety of notorious works of twentieth-century literature. In addition to discussing the controversial publication of such volumes as The Story of O and The Naked Lunch, de St. Jorre offers specific analyses of the works of such writers as Henry Miller, Vladimir Nabokov, Samuel Beckett, Jean Genet, Anais Nin, and Lawrence Durrell, among others. De St. Jorre supplements his volume with several useful appendices, including a chronology, a listing of Olympia Press publications, and a valuable secondary bibliography.

Donleavy, J. P. The History of The Ginger Man: The Dramatic Story Behind a Contemporary Classic by the Man Who Wrote It and Who Fought for Its Life. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1994.

Donleavy traces his personal struggle to create and to secure the publication of his classic novel The Ginger Man. Donleavy supplements his story with a variety of useful biographical asides, including remarks about his childhood in the Bronx, his service in the U.S. Navy, and his life among the landed gentry in Ireland's midlands. Donleavy discusses the novel's rejection by nearly 35 publishers, the 25 years of litigation that it prompted, and his ultimate purchase of the Olympia Press.

Doody, Margaret Anne. The True Story of the Novel. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers UP, 1996.

Doody problematizes the notion that the Novel as a literary form springs from English origins, arguing instead that it finds its roots in the Roman Empire that spanned from Africa and Western Asia to Europe. In addition to rejecting conventional Anglo-Saxon distinctions between the Romance and the Novel, Doody challenges the belief that the Novel originated as a means for usurping the textual hegemony of the Epic. Doody offers new readings of a variety of international novels, including works by Agatha Christie, Toni Morrison, Charles Dickens, Mark Twain, Kenneth Grahame, Chinua Achebe, and Witi Ihimaera, among others.

Drabble, Margaret, ed. The Oxford Companion to English Literature. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995.

In this revised edition of her 1985 companion to English literary studies, Drabble offers 60 new entries devoted to contemporary English fiction, drama, and poetry. Selections include entries for Peter Ackroyd, Martin Amis, Wendy Cope, Salman Rushdie, Douglas Dunn, David Hare, Craig Raine, Paul Theroux, and A. N. Wilson, among others. Drabble also extends coverage to writers from other English-speaking countries, including J. M. Coetzee, W. Robertson Davies, Janet Frame, Thomas Keneally, David Malouf, Toni Morrison, Les Murray, and Gore Vidal. Drabble supplements her volume with several useful appendices, including listings of the major literary prizes including the Nobel Prize for Literature, the Pulitzer Prize, and the Booker Prize as well as a chronology that spans nearly a thousand years in the history of English literature.

Eldridge, Richard, ed. Beyond Representation: Philosophy and Poetic Imagination. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996.

Selections include Eldridge's introduction; J. M. Bernstein's "Confession and Forgiveness: Hegel's Poetics of Action"; Charles Altieri's "The Values of Articulation: Aesthetics After the Aesthetic Ideology"; Arthur C. Danto's "In Their Own Voice: Philosophical Writing and Actual Experience"; Samuel Fleischacker's "Poetry and Truth-Conditions"; Azade Seyhan's "Fractal Contours: Chaos and System in the Romantic Fragment"; Stanley Bates's "The Mind's Horizon"; Eldridge's "Kant, Kulderlin, and the Experience of Longing"; Michael Fischer's "Wordsworth and the Reception of Poetry"; Kenneth R. Johnston's "Self-Consciousness, Social Guilt, and Romantic Poetry: Coleridge's Ancient Mariner and Wordsworth's Old Pedlar"; Christine Battersby's "Her Blood and His Mirror: Mary Coleridge, Luce Irigaray, and the Female Self'; and Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe and Jean-Luc Nancy's "Scene: An Exchange of Letters."

Engel, Matthew. Tickle the Public: One Hundred Years of the Popular Press. London: Gollancz, 1996.

Engel offers a history of the popular press in Britain from the founding of the Daily Mail in 1896 through the present. Engel explores the ways in which successive best-selling newspapers captured the spirit of the times, from the Daily Express in the 1930s to the contemporary, tabloid-era newspapers such as The Sun. Engel supplements his study with an appendix of "Daily Newspapers, 1896-1996."

Finneran, Richard J., ed. The Literary Text in the Digital Age. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1996.

Selections include Finneran's preface; Susan Hockey's "Creating and Using Electronic Editions"; Peter Shillingsburg's "Principles of Electronic Archives, Scholarly Editions, and Tutorials"; C. M. Sperberg-McQueen's "Textual Criticism and the Text Encoding Initiative"; John Lavagnino's "Completeness and Adequacy in Text Encoding"; Hoyt N. Duggan's "Some Unrevolutionary Aspects of Computer Editing"; Peter M. W. Robinson's "Is There a Text in These Variants?"; Ian Lancashire's "Editing English Renaissance Electronic Texts"; Jerome McGann's "The Rossetti Archive and Image-based Electronic Editing"; Simon Gatrell's "Electronic Hardy"; William H. O'Donnell and Emily A. Thrush's "Designing a Hypertext Edition of a Modern Poem"; Phillip E. Doss's "Traditional Theory and Innovative Practice: The Electronic Editor as Poststructuralist Reader"; Charles L. Ross's "The Electronic Text and the Death of the Critical Edition"; John Unsworth's "Electronic Scholarship; or, Scholarly Publishing and the Public"; and A. Walton Litz's afterword.

Fisher, Clive. Cyril Connolly: The Life and Times of England's Most Controversial Literary Critic. New York: St. Martin's, 1995.

Fisher explores the life and work of the late Cyril Connolly, the influential author of such volumes as Enemies of Promise and The Unquiet Grave, as well as the founder and editor of Horizon. In addition to discussing Connolly's alternately acerbic and humorous personal behavior, Fisher traces the writer's life from his school days at Eton to his extensive European reputation as a twentieth-century man of letters. Fisher employs Connolly's personal papers and his previously unpublished archives in this significant new study.

Foot, Michael. H.G.: The History of Mr. Wells. Washington, DC: Counterpoint, 1995.

Foot traces the personal and historical interconnections between the life of H. G. Wells and the nineteenth- and twentieth-century English worlds in which he lived. Foot explores Wells's responses to such historic events as women's rights, the atomic bomb, space flight, and racial equality, while also discussing such Wells novels as The Time Machine and The War of the Worlds. Foot also devotes attention to Wells's relationships with Jane Wells, Amber Reeves, Rebecca West, and Moura Budberg. Foot concludes the volume with a valuable chronology of Wells's life and its interconnections with the historical world in which he lived.

Fussell, Paul. The Anti-Egotist: Kingsley Amis, Man of Letters. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1994.

Fussell addresses the influence of the late Kingsley Amis upon the world of twentieth-century English letters. In addition to tracing Amis's life from his schooldays through military service to university teaching, Fussell discusses his achievements as novelist, poet, and essayist. Fussell devotes particular attention to the writer's impact upon the British literary world as a "no-nonsense" critic who always approached his work with honesty and a healthy dose of interpretive skepticism.

Gevirtz, Susan. Narrative's Journey: The Fiction and Film Writing of Dorothy Richardson. New York: Peter Lang, 1996.

Gevirtz discusses the narratives of Dorothy Richardson, particularly the 13-volume epic novel Pilgrimage and her writings about silent film in the journal Close Up. In addition to examining such issues as gender and literary experimentation in Richardson's work, Gevirtz explores the novelist's influence upon such writers as Proust, Joyce, and Woolf. Drawing upon the insights of contemporary film theorists, Gevirtz also remarks upon the notions of modernity and femininity in Richardson's narratives.

Gibson, James. Thomas Hardy: A Literary Life. New York: St. Martin's, 1996.

Gibson traces the literary and personal lives of Thomas Hardy, affording particular emphasis to his enormous corpus of prose and poetry. Gibson devotes special attention to the three distinct phases of Hardy's career: his first 30 years of preparation for a career in letters; his second 30 years as the author of the many novels that brought him wealth and fame; and his final years, during which he achieved fame and critical favor for his first love, poetry.

Gibson, Mary Ellis. Epic Reinvented: Ezra Pound and the Victorians. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1995.

Gibson devotes special attention to Ezra Pound's Cantos and their illustration of the interconnections between Pound's notions of aesthetics and politics. Gibson also treats several of Pound's less well-known poems, from unpublished writings to "In Praise of the Masters," a poem which appears in print for the first time in Gibson's volume. Gibson develops a rhetorical tropology to account for the formal and cultural elements of Pound's contradictory poetics. Gibson also argues that Pound's utopian political vision finds its roots in nineteenth-century and fascist ideologies of gender.

Grant, Judith Skelton. Robertson Davies: Man of Myth. New York: Viking, 1994.

Grant examines the enormous and influential literary legacy of Robertson Davies, the author of numerous volumes of stories, plays, criticism, and essays. Drawing upon the writer's unpublished notebooks, manuscripts, diaries, and correspondence, Grant portrays Davies as an enigmatic and often misunderstood figure. In addition to tracing the influences of Davies's artistic efforts, Grant adorns her biography with a variety of drawings and handwritten fragments by Davies, as well as valuable photographs of the writer and his family.

Graves, Richard Perceval. Richard Hughes. London: Andre Deutsch, 1994.

Graves traces the life and work of Richard Hughes (1900-1976), the adventurer and author of such novels as A High Wind in Jamaica and The Fox in the Attic. In addition to discussing Hughes's friendship with such figures as John Masefield, Robert Graves, T. E. Lawrence, and A. E. Coppard. Graves examines Hughes's efforts as a poet, playwright, critic, and actor-manager before embarking upon his celebrated career as novelist. Graves also devotes attention to the writer's real-life adventures in Canada, Morocco, the Balkans, and on the high seas.

Gregory, Elizabeth. Quotation and Modern American Poetry: "Imaginary Gardens with Real Toads." Houston: Rice UP, 1995.

Gregory explores the function of quotation in the poetry of literary modernism. She affords particular emphasis to T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land, William Carlos Williams's Paterson, and a selection of verse by Marianne Moore. Gregory argues that such modernist poets employed quotation as an attempt to redefine the sources and traditional hierarchies of authority in the modernist world.

Groening, Laura Smyth. E.K. Brown: A Study in Conflict. Toronton: U of Toronto P, 1993.

Groening traces the life and work of E. K. Brown, one of Canada's leading scholars and intellectual figures during the first half of the twentieth century. In addition to exploring Brown's editorial work with the Canadian Forum and the University of Toronto Quarterly, Groening examines the ways in which Brown helped to establish the reputations of such figures as Duncan Campbell Scott, Archibald Lampman, E. M. Forster, and Willa Cather. Groening also discusses the five books that Brown wrote or edited on Matthew Arnold.

Hands, Timothy. Writers in Their Time: Thomas Hardy. London: Macmillan, 1995.

Drawing upon Hardy's correspondence, his autobiography, and his immense canon of novels and verse, Hands attempts to situate the writer within the historical moment in which he lived. Hands discusses Hardy's response to the Romantic movement, as well as the contemporary critical response to Hardy's novels. Hands also traces Hardy's various philosophies on society and his knowledge of the contemporary arts of the Victorian era.

Hart, James D., and Phillip W. Leininger. The Oxford Companion to American Literature. 6th ed. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995.

In the latest edition of their companion to American literature, Hart and Leininger update their volume in an effort to address the variety of emerging writers since the early 1980s. In addition to revising the existing entries for such figures as Saul Bellow, Norman Mailer, and Joyce Carol Oates, Hart and Leininger add more than 180 entries on such writers as novelists T. Coraghessan Boyle, Tim O'Brien, Louise Erdrich, and Don DeLillo. They also add entries on Rita Dove, Weldon Kees, Wendy Wasserstein, August Wilson, Stephen King, Louis L'Amour, Camille Pagliaa, and Richard Ellmann.

Herring, Phillip. Djuna: The Life and Work of Djuna Barnes. New York: Viking, 1995.

Herring traces the influential life and work of Djuna Barnes, the author of the classic work of American literary modernism, Nightwood. Herring devotes particular attention to Barnes's relationships with such figures as T. S. Eliot, Mina Loy, James Joyce, Peggy Guggenheim, Kay Boyle, Ezra Pound, and Dag Hammarskjold. Herring also discusses Barnes's legendary lifestyle as a preeminent figure in Greenwich Village and Left Bank literary and lesbian circles.

Hollahan, Eugene. Saul Bellow and The Struggle at the Center. New York: AMS, 1996.

Selections include Victor A. Kramer's Prefatory Note; Hollahan's "Introduction: Looking for the Center"; Gerhard Bach's "Margin as Center: Bellow and the New Central Europe"; Allan Chavkin and Nancy Feyl Chavkin's "Bellow's Martyrs and Moralists: The Role of the Writer in Modern Society"; Gloria L. Cronin's "Two Not-So-Farcical Misogynists in More Die of Heartbreak"; Frederick Glaysher's "A Poet Looks at Saul Bellow's Soul"; Andrew Gordon's "Herzog's Divorce Grief"; Michael Greenstein's "Bellow's Hand Writing: The Tactile Imagination"; Robert F. Kiernan's "The Styles of Saul Bellow"; S. Lillian Kremer's "Bellow's Remembrance of Jewish Times Past: Herzog and 'The Old System'"; G. Neelakantan's "From Breakdown to Bliss: Wasteland Themes in More Die of Heartbreak"; Ellen Pifer's "Winners and Losers: Bellow's Dim View of Success"; David Rampton's "Aesthetic Intoxication and Tutelary Spirits: Russian Connections in More Die of Heartbreak"; Eusebio L. Rodrigues's "Beyond All Philosophies: The Dynamic Vision of Saul Bellow"; Marilyn Satlof's "Disconnectedness in The Bellarosa Connection": Walter Shear's "Bellow's Fictional Rhetoric: The Voice of the Other"; Ben Siegel's "Still Not Satisfied: Saul Bellow on Art and Artists in America"; and Gloria L. Cronin and Blaine H. Hall's "Saul Bellow Bibliography (Selected)."

Hussey, Mark. Virginia Woolf A to Z: A Comprehensive Reference for Students, Teachers, and Common Readers to Her Life, Works, and Critical Reception. New York: Facts On File, 1995.

Hussey offers a comprehensive and expansive reference guide to the life and work of Virginia Woolf. Thoroughly cross-referenced and supplemented with several useful appendices, Hussey's volume features detailed synopses of all of Woolf's major and minor works, including overviews of their critical reception. Hussey also offers detailed description of all of her characters, in addition to providing readers with biographies of Woolf's contemporaries, especially the celebrated members of the Bloomsbury Group of artists and writers. Hussey features valuable definitions of the terminology often associated with Woolf's narrative techniques, including such literary terms as modernism, formalism, and stream-of-consciousness.

Jacobs, Eric. Kingsley Amis: A Biography. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1995.

Jacobs traces the life and work of the late English novelist, Kingsley Amis, the author of the classic send-up of academe, Lucky Jim. Jacobs devotes special emphasis to exploring the variety of artist endeavors that mark Amis's 40-year career in letters, including attention to Amis's divergent careers as a poet, novelist, critic, political polemicist, and university teacher and to his work as an author of detective fiction, science fiction, radio plays, advertising copy, and restaurant reviews.

Jones, Aled. Powers of the Press: Newspapers, Power and the Public in Nineteenth-Century England. Aldershot, Hants: Scolar, 1996.

Jones discusses the immense power of the nineteenth-century English popular press and its capacity for influencing social and literary taste during that era. In addition to exploring the ways in which individuals, pressure groups, and political organizations sought to use the nineteeth-century English popular press as a means influencing public opinion and effecting moral and social reform, Jones traces the influence of the nineteenth-century popular press upon the social and cultural history of that era, as well as the early twentieth-century media.

Kinkead-Weekes, Mark. D. H. Lawrence: Triumph to Exile, 1912-1922. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996,

In this, the second volume of a multivolume biography of D. H. Lawrence, Kinkead-Weekes begins with Lawrence and Frieda Weekley's 1912 meeting on the Ostend ferry in 1912 and ends in 1922 on their ocean liner voyage to Ceylon. In addition to featuring close readings of the composition and texts of such classic novels as The Rainbow and Women in Love, Kinkead-Weekes traces Lawrence's legal and artistic conflicts with the specter of obscenity during this era. Kinkead-Weeks employs new observations from the novelist's correspondence and papers in his analyses of Lawrence's sexuality, health, quarrels, and friendships.

Kinney, Harrison. James Thurber: His Life and Times. New York: Holt, 1996.

Kinney traces the life and work of James Thurber, the author of the classic work of autobiography, My Life and Hard Times. Kinney devotes special attention to Thurber's tenure as reporter and writer for the New Yorker, where he shared an office with E. B. White. In addition to exploring the writer's many influential personal and literary relationships, Kinney discusses the special brand of humor that marked Thurber's work.

Kowalewski, Michael, ed. Reading The West: New Essays on the Literature of the American West. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996.

Selections include William W, Bevis's "Region, Power, Place"; David Rains Wallace's "Burros and Mustangs: Literary Evolutionism and the Wilderness West"; Shannon Applegate's "The Literature of Loneliness: Understanding the Letters and Diaries of the American West"; Kowalewski's "Quoting the Wicked Wit of the West: Frontier Reportage and Western Vernacular"; Lee Mitchell's "Bierstadt's Settings, Harte's Plots"; Peter Wild's "Sentimentalism in the American Southwest: John C. Van Dyke, Mary Austin, and Edward Abbey"; Thomas J. Lyon's "Revisionist Western Classics"; Susan J. Rosowski's "Molly's Truthtelling, or, Jean Stafford Rewrites the Western"; Margaret Garcia Davidson's "Borders, Frontiers, and Mountains: Mapping the History of U.S. Hispanic Literature"; Philip Burnham's "The Return of the Native: The Politics of Identity in American Indian Fiction of the West"; Linda Hamalian's "Regionalism Makes Good: The San Francisco Renaissance"; James D. Houston's "'The Circle almost Circled': Some Notes on California's Fiction"; and Misha Berson's "Fighting the Religion of the Present: Western Motifs in the First Wave of Asian American Plays."

Lago, Mary. E. M. Forster: A Literary Life. New York: St. Martin's, 1995.

Lago, the compiler of the Calendar of the Letters of E. M. Forster (1985), examines the literary life and work of Forster from his early career as a novelist and short-story writer through later work as a journalist and broadcaster for the BBC. In addition to offering close readings of Forster's novels from Where Angels Fear to Tread and A Room with a View through A Passage to India and the posthumously published Maurice, Lago explores Forster's role as a public activist throughout his life. Lago also discusses Forster's life-long interest in preserving the values of Victorian liberalism.

Leeming, David. James Baldwin. New York: Knopf, 1994.

Leeming traces the life and work of James Baldwin, the author of such works as Go Tell It on the Mountain and Another Country. Drawing upon his 25-year friendship with the author, Leeming explores Baldwin's treatment of racial and sexual issues, as well as his depiction of Harlem. In addition to discussing Baldwin's homosexuality and his expatriate life in France and Turkey, Leeming examines the writer's passionate voice against white society's blindness to the existence of black identity.

Leverich, Lyle. Tom: The Unknown Tennessee Williams. New York: Crown, 1995.

Leverich examines the enigmatic public and private lives of Tennessee Williams, the great American playwright of such works as The Glass Menagerie and Cat on a Hot Tin Roof. Authorized by the late writer as his official biographer, Leverich examines Williams's life from his early years in Missouri through his troubled existence as the master of American theater. Leverich devotes particular attention to the playwright's problematic formative years, his confusion over his own sexuality, and the mental disorders that led to the institutionalization of his beloved sister, Rose.

MacKillop, Ian. F. R. Leavis: A Life in Criticism. London: Penguin, 1995.

MacKillop examines the controversial and influential life and work of F. R. Leavis. In addition to tracing the critic's often profound and and radical imprint upon the British academy, MacKillop discusses the thais and tribulations of Leavis and his wife, Queenie, among the scholarly circles of Cambridge University. MacKillop also discusses Leavis's role in the founding of the influential journal Scrutiny and the School of English Studies that he established at Downing College.

MacKillop, Ian, and Richard Storer, eds. F. R. Leavis: Essays and Documents. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic, 1995.

Selections include MacKillop's and Storer's Introduction; Storer's "Leavis as Critic of New Poetry: Uncollected Reviews"; William Baker's "Leavis as Reader of Daniel Deronda"; Storer's "Leavis and Gwendolen Harleth"; MacKillop's "Rubrics and Reading Lists"; Charles Winder's "Leavis's Downing Seminars: A Student's Notes"; Charles Page's "'Cunning Passages': Leavis's Lectures on Poetry and Prose"; Storer's "Education and the University: Structure and Sources"; Barry Cullen's "The Impersonal Objective: Leavis, the Literary Subject and Cambridge Thought"; Gary Day's "Leavis and Post-Structuralism"; Michael Black's "Leavis on Lawrence"; Eric McCormick's "In the 1930s: Cambridge to New Zealand"; Keith Dobson's "Pre-war Downing"; Patrick Harrison's "Downing After the War"; Neil Roberts's "'Leavisite' Cambridge in the 1960s"; and Storer's "F. R. Leavis: A Reader's Guide."

Markos, Donald W. Ideas in Things: The Poems of William Carlos Williams. London: Fairleigh Dickinson UP, 1994.

Markos argues that Williams's poetry, grounded in the optimism of American transcendentalism and English romanticism, was at variance with the pessimistic modernism of his twentieth-century peers. Markos explores the prodigious influence of such figures as Coleridge, Keats, Hopkins, Whitman, and Emerson upon Williams's aesthetic, while also describing the organic-idealist assumptions that undergird Williams's verse. Markos suggests that Williams sought to defamiliarize conventional language in order to reveal unexpected qualities in workaday objects and things.

McDonald, Russ. The Bedford Companion to Shakespeare: An Introduction with Documents. New York: St. Martin's, 1996.

Drawing upon the input and advice of more than 130 scholars from around the world, McDonald's volume offers a useful reference guide to Shakespeare's life and times. Supplemented with useful historical documents and background information, McDonald's book provides teachers and students alike with a valuable introductory guide to the study of Shakespeare and his work in their full cultural and historical contexts.

Melville, Joy. Mother of Oscar: The Life of Jane Francesca Wilde. London: John Murray, 1994.

Melville examines the life of Lady Wilde, the courageous and strong-minded mother of Oscar Wilde. In addition to discussing her marriage to surgeon Dr. William Wilde, Melville traces Lady Wilde's spirited defense of her husband in a libel case, as well as her fierce loyalty to her sons. Melville also devotes attention to Lady Wilde's early years, when she defied her family's pro-Union politics and wrote passionate tirades in verse and prose against the English domination of Ireland. Melville concludes her study with discussion of Lady Wilde's life in London with her famous son during the latter decades of the nineteenth century.

Melville, Stephen, and Bill Readings, eds. Vision and Textuality. Durham: Duke UP, 1995.

Selections include Melville and the late Readings's general introduction; Melville's "Basic Concepts: Of Art History"; Griselda Pollock's "Beholding Art History: Vision, Place and Power"; Michael Ann Holly's "Past Looking"; John Tagg's "A Discourse (With Shape of Reason Missing)"; Irit Rogoff's "The Aesthetics of Post-History: A German Perspective"; Readings's "How Obvious is Art? Kitsch and the Semiotician"; Mieke Bal's "Reading the Gaze: The Construction of Gender in Rembrandt"; Norman Bryson's "Philostratus and the Imaginary Museum"; Louis Marin's "Topic and Figures of Enunciation: It is Myself that I Paint"; Hal Foster's "Armour Fou"; Francoise Lucbert's "The Pen and the Eye: The Politics of the Gazing Body": John Bender's "Impersonal Violence: The Penetrating Gaze and the Field of Narration in Caleb Williams"; Peter de Bolla's "The Visibility of Visuality: Vauxhall Gardens and the Siting of the Viewer"; Thomas Crow's "B/G"; Bennet Schaber's "Vision Procured": Rosalind Krauss's "In the Master's Bedroom"; Martin Jay's "Photo-unrealism: The Contribution of the Camera to the Crisis of Ocularcentrism"; and Victor Burgin's "Chance Encounters: Flaneur and Detraquee in Breton's Nadja."

Meyers, Jeffrey. Edmund Wilson: A Biography. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1995.

Meyers's biography of Edmund Wilson completes the trilogy of biographies of modern American writers that he began with his volumes on Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald. Meyers traces the life of Wilson, the influential critic of art, theater, music, film, and popular culture. Meyers details Wilson's work as a masterful diarist and travel writer, as well as Wilson's chaotic personal life. Meyers also examines Wilson's controversial critical career and its culmination during the 1960s in his bitter feud with Vladimir Nabokov regarding the novelist's interpretation of Pushkin's Russian novel-in-verse, Eugene Onegin.

_____. Robert Frost: A Biography. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1996.

Meyers offers a radical new interpretation of Robert Frost's personal and literary lives. In addition to exploring Frost's many personal tragedies, Meyers traces Frost's prodigious world travels and the influential publication of his celebrated verse. Meyers devotes particular emphasis to the inspiration for Frost's poetry, which Meyers ascribes to the work and literary tradition influenced by the verse of Thomas Hardy.

Michell, John. Who Wrote Shakespeare? London: Thames and Hudson, 1996.

Michell surveys the prevailing theories regarding the authorship of the plays attributed to Shakespeare. Michell affords special emphasis to the lives and work of Christopher Marlowe, Francis Bacon, and the Earl of Oxford three figures often theorized as the authors of Shakespeare's plays. Michell's investigation of the various claimants to the authorship of Shakespeare's plays in addition to his examination of Shakespeare himself provides a humorous and often engaging look at this enduring literary mystery.

Milner, Andrew. Literature, Culture and Society. London: U College London P, 1996.

Milner surveys the evolution of cultural criticism in contemporary literary studies, a phenomenon that he ascribes to a sociological turn from hermeneutics to the cultural materialism in recent years. Milner examines the interconnections between cultural criticism and Marxist and post-Marxist theories of ideology, semiology and semiotics, and the cultural politics of difference inherent in the modern British university. Milner features analyses of a variety of works in his discussion of cultural studies, from the Bible and Paradise Lost to Frankenstein and Blade Runner.

Morris, Christopher, and Steven G. Reinhardt, eds. Southern Writers and Their WorMs. College Station: Texas A&M UP, 1996.

Selections include Michael O'Brien's introduction; Morris's "What's So Funny? Southern Humorists and the Market Revolution"; Susan A. Eacker's "A Dangerous Inmate' of the South: Louisa McCord on "Gender and Slavery"; Anne Goodwyn Jones's "The Work of Gender in the Southern Renaissance"; Bertram Wyatt-Brown's "The Desperate Imagination: Writers and Melancholy in the Modern American South"; and Charles Joyner's "Styron's Choice: A Meditation on History, Literature, and Moral Imperatives."

Newman, John Henry, and Frank M. Turner, eds. The Idea of a University. New Haven: Yale UP, 1996.

This new edition of the texts of Newman's celebrated The Idea of a University features several supplementary essays regarding Newman's volume. Selections include Martha McMackin Garland's "Newman in His Own Day"; Turner's "Newman's University and Ours"; George M. Marsden's "Theology and the University: Newman's Idea and Current Realities"; Sara Castro-Klaren's "The Paradox of Self in The Idea of a University"; and George P. Landow's "Newman and the Idea of an Electronic University."

Orzeck, Martin, and Robert Weisbuch, eds. Dickinson and Audience. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1996.

Selections include Orzeck and Weisbuch's introduction, "Dickinson the Scrivener"; David Porter's "Dickinson's Unrevised Poems"; Charlotte Nekola's "'Red in my Mind': Dickinson, Gender, and Audience"; Weisbuch's "Nobody's Business: Dickinson's Dissolving Audience"; Virginia Jackson's "Dickinson's Figure of Address"; R. McClure Smith's "Reading Seductions: Dickinson, Rhetoric, and the Male Reader"; Orzeck's "Dickinson's Letters to Abiah Root: Formulating the Reader as Absentee"; Betsy Erkkila's "Homoeroticism and Audience: Emily Dickinson's Female Master"; Stephanie A. Tingley's "'My Business is to Sing': Emily Dickinson's Letters to Elizabeth Holland"; Richard B. Sewall's "Emily Dickinson's Perfect Audience: Helen Hunt Jackson": Robert Regan's "Dickinson's Elected Audience"; Willis J. Buckingham's "Emily Dickinson and the Reading Life"; and Karen Dandurand's "Dickinson and the Public."

Parker, Dorothy. Not Much Fun: The Lost Poems of Dorothy Parker. Ed. Stuart Y. Silverstein. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996.

Silverstein provides readers with 122 lost or forgotten poems by Dorothy Parker, the renowned American cynic and wit. Silverstein's useful introduction offers a valuable discussion of Parker's often controversial life and work, while also discussing the highly publicized charge of plagiarism that nearly destroyed Parker's career in letters. Silverstein also analyzes Parker's frequently innovative usage of the English language in her verse.

Peters, Sally. Bernard Shaw: The Ascent of the Superman. New Haven: Yale UP, 1996.

Peters attempts to account for the eccentricities and contradictions that mark the life and work of George Bernard Shaw. In addition to close readings of many of his celebrated plays, Peters explores Shaw's private passions, from his vegetarianism to his relationships with men and women, in order to provide a new interpretation of his enigmatic life and work. Peters argues that Shaw's life was haunted by the romantic yearnings and gender ambivalences that motivated his comic vision and enduring dramatic art.

Rabb, Jane M., ed. Literature and Photography Interactions, 1840-1990: A Critical Anthology. Albuquerque: U of New Mexico P, 1995.

Lavishly illustrated, Rabb's volume includes her "Introduction: Notes Toward a History of Literature and Photography"; Edgar Allan Poe's "The Daguerreotype"; Nadar's "Balzac and the Daguerreotype"; Champfleury's "The Legend of the Daguerreotypist"; and Ralph Waldo Emerson and Thomas Carlyle's "From Correspondence, April 16-July 17, 1846."

Ramsay, Raylene L. The French New Autobiographies: Sarraute, Duras, and Robbe-Grillet. Gainesville: UP of Florida, 1996.

Ramsay examines the autobiographical works of Alain Robbe-Grillet, Marguerite Duras, and Nathalie Sarraute, the three writers often referred to collectively as the French "new novelists." Ramsay attempts to map their innovate narrative strategies and experimental techniques through three substantial studies of their individual novels. Ramsay also discusses the nature of postwar autobiographical works, with particular emphasis upon the construction of history, narrative, and the self during this era.

Roberts, John R., ed. New Perspectives on the Seventeenth-Century English Religious Lyric. Columbia: U of Missouri P, 1994.

Selections include Roberts's introduction; Helen Wilcox's "'Curious Frame': The Seventeenth-Century Religious Lyric as Genre"; Achsah Guibbory's "Enlarging the Limits of the Religious Lyric': The Case of Herrick's Hesperides"; Claude J. Summers's "Herrick, Vaughan, and the Poetry of Anglican Survivalism"; Michael C. Schoenfeldt's "The Poetry of Supplication: Toward a Cultural Poetics of the Religious Lyric"; P. G. Stanwood's "Liturgy, Worship, and the Sons of Light"; Judith Dundas's "'All Things are Bigge with Jest': Wit as a Means of Grace"; Stella P. Revard's "Christ and Apollo in the Seventeenth-Century Religious Lyric"; R.V. Young, Jr.'s "Donne, Herbert, and the Postmodern Muse"; Louis L. Martz's "The Poetry of Meditation: Searching the Memory"; Anthony Low's "John Donne: 'The Holy Ghost is Amorous in His Metaphors'"; Christopher Hodgkins's "'Showing Holy': Herbert and the Rhetoric of Sanctity"; Eugene R. Cunnar's "Opening the Religious Lyric: Crashaw's Ritual, Liminal, and Visual Wounds"; and Roberts's "The Seventeenth-Century English Religious Lyric: A Selective Bibliography of Modern Criticism, 1952-1990."

Segal, Robert A., ed. Literary Criticism and Myth. Vol. 4. New York: Garland, 1996.

Selections include Segal's introductions; Haskell M. Block's "Cultural Anthropology and Contemporary Literary Criticism"; Kenneth Burke's "Myth, Poetry and Philosophy"; Joseph Campbell's "The Hero and the God"; Richard Chase's "Myth as Literature"; Wallace W. Douglas's "The Meanings of Myth' in Modern Criticism"; Lillian Feder's "Myth, Poetry, and Critical Theory"; Northrop Frye's "The Archetypes of Literature" and "Myth, Fiction, and Displacement"; Lilian R. Furst's "Mythology Into Psychology: Deux ex Machina into God Within"; Rene Girard's "The Plague in Literature and Myth"; E. W. Herd's "Myth Criticism: Limitations and Possibilities"; Gilbert Highet's "The Reinterpretation of the Myths"; William A. Johnsen's "Myth, Ritual, and Literature After Girard"; Francesco Loriggio's "Myth, Mythology and the Novel: Towards a Reappraisal"; Philip Rahv's "The Myth and the Powerhouse"; Mark Schorer's "Mythology (For the Study of William Blake)"; John B. Vickery's "Literature and Myth"; Richard Waswo's "The History That Literature Makes"; Philip Wheelwright's "Myth"; John J. White's "Myth and the Modern Novel"; and William Willeford's "Myth Criticism."

Seymour, Miranda. Robert Graves: Life on the Edge. New York: Holt, 1995.

Seymour discusses the life and work of Robert Graves, the romantic poet and author of Goodbye to All That, his shocking memoir of the horrors of the First World War. In addition to exploring the influence of Graves's friends and family upon his verse, Seymour examines Graves's emergence as a cult phenomenon in America. Seymour's study benefits from the unprecedented input of Graves's widow and the observations of his son, William.

Simmonds, Roy S. John Steinbeck: The War Years, 1939-1945. Cranbury, NJ: Associate UP, 1996.

Simmonds discusses the composition and publication of Steinbeck's widely acknowledged masterpiece, The Grapes of Wrath. In addition to exploring the critical response to Steinbeck's landmark novel, Simmonds surveys the writer's life and work during the Second World War, including analyses of Steinbeck's work as a European war correspondent and his experiences in Mexico during the mid-1940s. Simmonds supplements his text with a useful appendix and selective bibliography.

Singh, G. F. R. Leavis: A Literary Biography. London: Duckworth, 1995.

Drawing upon his friendship with F. R. Leavis, Singh explores the life and work of the English literary critic who reshaped the tradition of literary criticism during his lifetime. Singh offers close readings of many of Leavis's greatest works, including Culture and Environment, The Common Pursuit, and The Great Tradition. Singh also discusses Leavis's establishment of the influential quarterly Scrutiny, as well as the ways in which Leavis fought against critical dogmatism and set new standards for literary study during the first half of the twentieth century.

Sloan, John. John Davidson, First of the Moderns: A Literary Biography. Oxford: Clarendon, 1995.

Sloan discusses the role of John Davidson in the creation of British literary modernism. Lauded as one of the most significant Scottish poets between Robert Burns and Hugh MacDiarmid, Davidson influenced T. S. Eliot, among others, while living and working in relative obscurity. Sloan affords particular emphasis to Davidson's years in London, when he travelled in the literary circles of such luminaries as Wilde, Yeats, and the Rhymers' Club. In addition to exploring Davidson's contributions to the Age of Decadence that marked the end of the nineteenth century, Sloan examines the new idioms that marked Davidson's verse and the proto-modernist innovations of his poetry between his recovery from a nervous breakdown in 1896 and his strange disappearance and death in 1909.

Slusser, George, Gary Westfahl, and Eric S. Rabkin, eds. Immortal Engines: Life Extension and Immortality in Science Fiction and Fantasy. Athens: U of Georgia P, 1996.

Selections include Rabkin's "Introduction: Immortality: The Self-Defeating Fantasy"; John Martin Fischer and Ruth Curl's "Philosophical Models of Immortality in Science Fiction"; James Gunn's "From the Sublime to the Ridiculous: Immortality and The Immortal"; Fredric Jameson's "Longevity as Class Struggle"; Steven B. Harris's "The Immortality Myth and Technology"; Sterling Blake's "A Roll of the Ice: Cryonics as a Gamble"; Joseph D. Miller's "Living Forever or Dying in the Attempt: Mortality and Immortality in Science and Science Fiction"; Brett Cooke's "The Biopoetics of Immortality: A Darwinist Perspective on Science Fiction"; Stephen Potts's "IBMortality: Putting the Ghost in the Machine"; N. Katherine Hayles's "How Cyberspace Signifies: Taking Immortality Literally"; S. L. Rosen's "Alienation as the Price of Immortality: The Tithonus Syndrome in Science Fiction and Fantasy"; Robin Roberts's "'No Woman Born': Immortality and Gender in Feminist Science Fiction"; Barry Crawford's "The Science Fiction of the House of Saul: From Frankenstein's Monster to Lazarus Long"; Terri Frongia's "Cosmifantasies: Humanistic Visions of Immortality in Italian Science Fiction"; Judith Lee's "'We Are All Kin': Relatedness, Mortality, and the Paradox of Human Immortality"; Howard V. Hendrix's "Dual Immortality, No Kids: The Dink Link Between Birthlessness and Deathlessness in Science Fiction"; Bud Foote's "Clifford D. Simak's Way Station: The Hero as Archetypal Science Fiction Writer, the Science Fiction Writer as Seeker for Immortality"; Lynne Lundquist's "Living Dolls: Images of Immortality in Children's Literature"; Gary Westfahl's "Zen and the Art of Mario Maintenance: Cycles of Death and Rebirth in Video Games and Children's Subliterature"; and Frank McConnell's "You Bet Your Life: Death and the Storyteller."

Snodgrass, Mary Ellen. Encyclopedia of Utopian Literature. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 1995.

Snodgrass's volume traces the evolution and practitioners of utopian literature from Biblical times through the twentieth-century dystopias of George Orwell's 1984 and Margaret Atwood's Handmaid's Tale. Intended as an introductory volume for scholars and students alike, Snodgrass's encyclopedia discusses all of the major literary terms associated with utopian literature, while also exploring the philosophical, historical, and religious components inherent in its aesthetic foundation. Snodgrass offers more than 300 entries in this valuable assessment of utopian literature from the fifteenth century B.C. to the present. Each entry is thoroughly cross-referenced and supplemented with useful secondary critical citations.

Spurling, Hilary. Ivy: The Life of I. Compton-Burnett. London: Cohen, 1995.

Spurling examines the controversial life and work of Ivy Compton-Burnett, the novelist whose literary worlds were marked by tyranny, murder, incest, adultery, and fraud. Spurling attempts to map the public and private lives of Compton-Burnett, an enigmatic writer whose persona remains veiled in a shroud of mystery. Lavishly illustrated with a selection hitherto unpublished photographs, Spurling's study of Compton-Burnett explores the background and novels of the writer who came to be known during the 1950s and 1960s as the "English Secret."

Stallworthy, Jon. Louis MacNeice: A Biography. New York: Norton, 1995.

Drawing upon the poet's extensive unpublished correspondence and papers, Stallworthy addresses the biographical and literary lives of Louis MacNeice. Stallworthy explores the roles of MacNeice's childhood and his native Ireland in the construction of his poignant verse. Stallworthy also examines MacNeice's work as a scholar, critic, autobiographer, playwright, and translator.

Stape, J. H., ed. The Cambridge Companion to Joseph Conrad. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996.

Selections include Owen Knowles's "Conrad's Life"; Gall Fraser's "The Short Fiction"; Cedric Watts's "'Heart of Darkness'"; Stape's "Lord Jim"; Eloise Knapp Hay's "Nostromo"; Jacques Berthoud's "The Secret Agent"; Keith Carabine's "Under Western Eyes"; Robert Hampson's "The Late Novels"; Jakob Lothe's "Conradian Narrative"; Andrea White's "Conrad and Imperialism"; Kenneth Graham's "Conrad and Modernism"; and Gene M. Moore's "Conrad's Influence."

Steiner, George. No Passion Spent. New Haven: Yale UP, 1996.

Steiner's latest collection of essays explores the nature of language and its relationships with literature and religion. Steiner addresses a wide range of subjects, from the Hebrew Bible, Homer, and Shakespeare to Kafka, Kierkegaard, Simone Well, Husserl, and Freud. Steiner affords particular emphasis to Judaism in his essays, especially to issues regarding the Talmud and the necessity for Christians to admit accountability for their invective and inability to act during the Holocaust.

Turner, Mark. The Literary Mind. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996.

Turner explores the fundamental roles of "story" and "parable" in the world of everyday thought. Drawing upon the work of contemporary neuroscientists such as Antonio Damasio and Gerald Edelman, Turner examines the manner in which works by Homer, Dante, Shakespeare, and Proust exemplify the powerful roles of story and projection as components in the daily life of the mind. Turner develops a new model of conceptual construction that challenges the origins of language as postulated by such thinkers as Noam Chomsky and Steven Pinker. Turner argues that story and parable precede grammar and that language merely emerges from these activities as a matter of linguistic consequence.

Watt, Ian. Myths of Modern Individualism: Faust, Don Quixote, Don Juan, Robinson Crusoe. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996.

Watt examines the ways in which the characterizations of Faust, Don Quixote, Don Juan, and Robinson Crusoe reflect the anti-individualism of their times. In this way, Watt maps what he believes to be the four myths of the modern world, as well as the distinctive products of an emerging and historically new society. Watt also discusses the ways in which later writers such as Rousseau, Goethe, Byron, and Dostoevsky apply similar literary and historical myths in their fictions about the clash of individuals and the established norms of society.

Weatherby, Harold L. Mirrors of Celestial Grace: Patristic Theology in Spenser's Allegory. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1994.

Weatherby explores seven allegorical episodes in The Faerie Queene in an effort to understand the patristic influence upon Spenser's verse. Weatherby argues that a patristic philosophy affected Spenser's understanding and depiction of Christianity in The Faerie Queene. Weatherby affords particular attention to Spenser's approach to eros and chastity in his verse, arguing that his depiction of these elements underscores the poet's inherent patristic philosophy.

Whitehead, Frank. George Crabbe: A Reappraisal. Cranbury, NJ: Associated UP, 1995.

Whitehead argues that the verse-tales of George Crabbe remain undervalued in contemporary critical circles. Whitehead traces the development of the poet's work from his poems of the late 1780s to the apex of his achievement in the 1812 volume, Tales. Whitehead also attempts to place Crabbe's work within the context and internal conflicts of his life and personality.

Winchell, Mark Royden. Cleanth Brooks and the Rise of Modern Criticism. Charlottesville: UP of Virginia, 1996.

Winchell traces the profound influence of the late Cleanth Brooks upon American literary criticism during the mid-twentieth century. Winchell addresses the manner in which Brooks championed the autonomy of the text from its authorial origins, while also discussing the New Criticism and Brooks's postulations of its ideology and methods. Winchell offers close readings of Brooks works, particularly The Well Wrought Urn, as well as assessing the critic's relationship with his frequent collaborator, Robert Penn Warren.

Wright, Adrian. Foreign Country: The Life of L. P. Hartley. London: Andre Deutsch, 1996.

Drawing upon his unlimited access to the novelist's private papers and correspondence, Wright offers the first full-length literary biography of L. P. Hartley, the author of The Go-Between, The Shrimp and the Anemone, and The Hireling, among other well-known novels. Wright affords special attention to Hartley's circle of friends, a group that included Cynthia Asquith, Ottoline Morrell, C. H. B. Kitchin, and Lord David Cecil, among other social and literary luminaries. Wright discusses the influence of the novelist's childhood traumas and his homosexuality upon his work as well.

(2) Semiotics, Narratology, Rhetoric, and Language Systems

Bloom, Paul, Mary A. Peterson, Lynn Nadel, and Merrill F. Garrett, eds. Language and Space. Cambridge: MIT P, 1996.

Selections include Ray Jackendoff's The Architecture of the Linguistic-Spatial Interface"; Manfred Bierwisch's "How Much Space Gets Into Language?"; Willem J. M. Levelt's "Perspective Taking and Ellipsis in Spatial Descriptions"; Stephen C. Levinson's "Frames of Reference and Molyneux's Question: Crosslinguistic Evidence"; Karen Emmorey's "The Confluence of Space and Language in Signed Languages"; Leonard Talmy's "Fictive Motion in Language and Ception'"; John O'Keefe's "The Spatial Prepositions in English, Vector Grammar, and the Cognitive Map Theory"; Barbara Landau's "Multiple Geometric Representations of Objects in Languages and Language Learners"; Jean M. Mandler's "Preverbal Representation and Language"; Melissa Bowerman's "Learning How to Structure Space for Language: A Crosslinguistic Perspective"; Philip N. Johnson-Laird's "Space to Think"; Barbara Tversky's "Spatial Perspective in Descriptions"; Gordon D. Logan and Daniel D. Sadler's "A Computational Analysis of the Apprehension of Spatial Relations"; Tim Shallice's "The Language-to-Object Perception Interface: Evidence from Neuropsychology"; and Peterson, Nadel, Bloom, and Garrett's "Space and Language."

Bourdieu, Pierre. The Rules of Art: Genesis and Structure of the Literary Field. Trans. Susan Emanuel. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1996.

Originally published as Les Regles de l'art in 1992, Bourdieu's study traces the history of literature and art from the mid-nineteenth century through the present by developing a theory of art conceived as an autonomous value. Bourdieu argues that art's new autonomy finds its origins in the interconnections between art and the social relations that produce it. Bourdieu offers specific analyses of the works of Flaubert and the ways in which they were shaped by the various artistic movements and artists of the writer's time.

Cable, Lana. Carnal Rhetoric: Milton's Iconoclasm and the Poetics of Desire. Durham: Duke UP, 1995.

Drawing upon Milton's polemical treatises and his poetry, Cable traces a poetics of desire in the poet's iconoclasm. Cable affords special attention to the writer's temporal polemical concerns, as well as to the ways in which Milton interwove his various discourses with the semiotics of religion, politics, myth, and philosophy. Cable argues that Milton's iconoclastic motifs offer valuable insights into the rhetorical patterns of discourse that mark the literature of the early modern\ era.

Chambers, Douglas. The Reinvention of the World: English Writing, 16501750. New York: St. Martin's, 1996.

Drawing upon familiar works by Milton, Defoe, Swift, and Pope, Chambers explores the inventions of discourse in the early modern world. In addition to exploring the rhetorical function of power in these fictions, Chambers examines the ways in which these writers captured the nature of their culture and knowledge through their intellectual and scientific modes of written discourse. Chambers supplements his text with an appendix of useful "Original Documents."

Copeland, Rita, ed. Criticism and Dissent in the Middle Ages. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996.

Selections include Copeland's "Introduction: Dissenting Critical Practices"; Jody Enders's "Rhetoric, Coercion, and the Memory of Violence"; Majorie Curry Woods's "Rape and the Pedagogical Rhetoric of Sexual Violence"; Martin Irvine's "Heloise and the Gendering of the Literate Subject"; Michael Camille's "The Dissenting Image: A Postcard From Matthew Paris"; Nicolette Zeeman's "The Schools Give a License to Poets"; Janet Coleman's "The Science of Politics and Late Medieval Academic Debate"; James Simpson's "Desire and the Scriptural Text: Will as Reader in Piers Plowman"; Ralph Hanna III's "'Vae octuplex,' Lollar Socio-Textual Ideology, and Ricardian-Lancastrian Prose Translation"; Sarah Beckwith's "Sacrum Signum: Sacramentality and Dissent in York's Theatre of Corpus Christi"; and Steven Justice's "Inquisition, Speech, and Writing: A Case From Late Medieval Norwich."

Doreski, William. The Modern Voice in American Poetry. Gainesville: UP of Florida, 1995.

Drawing upon the works of a number of poets including Robert Frost, Wallace Stevens, William Carlos Williams, Marianne Moore, T. S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, Robert Lowell, Alan Dugan, Robert Pinsky, John Ashbery, and Louise Gluck Doreski explores the notions of voice, rhetoric, history, and the imagination in their verse. Doreski affords particular attention to the ways in which their poetry illustrates their conflict between their responsibility to history, tradition, and society and desire to foment an interior world of their own creation. Doreski also discusses each poet's interest in expanding and often rejecting the existing boundaries of poetic language.

Evans, J. Martin. Milton's Imperial Epic: Paradise Lost and the Discourse of Colonialism. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1996.

Evans discusses the discourse of empire and colonialism in his analysis of Milton's verse epic. Evans devotes particular emphasis to the historical contexts of Paradise Lost, especially noting Milton's composition of the long poem during the crucial first phase of England's empire-building in the New World. Evans examines Milton's verse in an effort to assess the poet's position regarding colonialism, and offers new perspectives on the narrator's shifting stance in Paradise Lost, the unique character of Milton's prelapsarian paradise, and the moral and intellectual status of Adam and Eve before and after the Fall.

Fielding, Penny. Writing and Orality: Nationality, Culture, and Nineteenth-Century Scottish Fiction. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996.

Fielding explores the concepts of nationality and culture through her semiological readings of several works of nineteenth-century Scottish fiction by Walter Scott, James Hogg, Robert Louis Stevenson, and Margaret Oliphant. In addition to identifying the relationship between speech and writing as foundations for the literary construction of national and class identity, Fielding examines the ways in which orality and literacy figured in nineteenth-century preoccupations with the notion of culture. Fielding also discusses the manner in which narrative experiments in Scottish fiction affected the constructions of class, gender, and literacy during the nineteenth century.

Fowler, Roger. Linguistic Criticism. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996.

Fowler's introductory guide to linguistic criticism discusses the benefits of the application of precise analytical methods to the criticism of texts. Drawing upon a wide range of works of fiction, drama, and poetry, Fowler demonstrates the ways in which linguistic criticism enriches the act of criticism through its emphasis upon the study of language in all of its modes. Fowler specifically concentrates on the linguistic structures that relate literature to ordinary language.

Fulford, Tim. Landscape, Liberty and Authority: Poetry, Criticism and Politics from Thomson to Wordsworth. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996.

Using the works of such writers as Thomson, Coleridge, Cowper, Johnson, Gilpin, Repton, and Wordsworth, Fulford investigates the discursive boundaries of landscape description. Fulford explores the development of the early radicalism and later conservatism of Wordsworth and Coleridge, arguing that these philosophies were shaped by eighteenth-century political and literary authorities. Fulford also discusses the notion of liberty and its conceptions during the Commonwealth era.

Gracia, Jorge J. E. Texts: Ontological Status, Identity, Author, Audience. Albany: State U of New York P, 1996.

Gracia provides an ontological characterization of texts and presents a view of the identity and function of authors and audiences and their relations to texts. In addition to challenging recent debates regarding the notions of text and textuality, Gracia attempts identify the relationships between authors and their audiences. He supplements his study with a valuable bibliography of secondary materials related to the concepts of text and textuality.

Green, Jonathon. Chasing the Sun: Dictionary-Makers and the Dictionaries They Made. London: Jonathan Cape, 1996.

Green offers a history of lexicography, from the first lexicon created in pre-Babylonian Sumeria to the pinnacle of the Oxford English Dictionary. Green argues that lexicographers, rather than being mere amuenses, in fact operate as interpreters and arbiters of the language that underpins nearly every aspect of human communication. In addition to tracing the evolution of lexicography through the centuries, Green maps the development of slang and vulgarity through the ages.

Greenbaum, Sidney, ed. Comparing English Worldwide: The International Corpus of English. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996.

Selections include the late Sidney Greenbaum's "Introducing ICE"; Sylviane Granger's "Learner English Around the World"; Gerald Nelson's "The Design of the Corpus" and "Markup Systems"; Edward M. Blachman, Charles F. Meyer, and Robert A. Morris's "The UMB Intelligent ICE Markup Assistant"; Akiva Quinn and Nick Porter's "ICE Annotation Tools"; Porter and Quinn's "Developing the ICE Corpus Utility Program"; Greenbaum and Ni Yibin's "About the ICE Tagset"; Alex Chengyu Fang's "Autasys: Grammatical Tagging and Cross-Tagset Mapping"; Justin Buckley's "An Outline of the Survey's ICE Parsing Scheme"; Fang's "The Survey Parser: Design and Development"; Janet Holmes's "The New Zealand Spoken Component of ICE: Some Methodological Challenges"; Josef Schmied's "Second-Language Corpora"; Philip Bolt and Kingsley Bolton's "The International Corpus of English in Hong Kong"; Graeme Kennedy's "The Corpus as a Research Domain"; John M. Kirk's "ICE and Teaching"; Ayo Banjo's "The Sociolinguistics of English in Nigeria and the ICE Project"; Jan Tent and France Mugler's "Why a Fiji Corpus?"; and Mark Huckvale and Fang's "Prosice: A Spoken English Database for Prosody Research."

_____. The Oxford English Grammar. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996.

Greenbaum's prodigious text describes the English language with detailed chapters on national, regional, and social variations. Greenbaum emphasizes spoken as well as written English and provides readers with a diversity of examples from computerized text collections of both British and American English. He provides descriptions of the scope and nature of grammar; an outline of grammar; discussion of word classes; and chapters on phonetics, word origins, and semantic relationships. The volume concludes with a useful glossary and an appendix of "Sources of Citations in ICE-GB [The International Corpus of English-Great Britain]."

Hawes, Clement. Mania and Literary Style: The Rhetoric of Enthusiasm from the Ranters to Christopher Smart. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996.

Hawes traces the rhetoric of the "manic" writing popular in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries among the Ranters, particularly Jonathan Swift and Christopher Smart. Hawes provides stylistic and rhetorical analyses of works of manic writing, arguing that the writings of such dissident groups were based in social antagonisms. Hawes suggests that the dominant culture's ridicule of manic writing underscores a bias that exists in twentieth-century literary history and criticism.

Horner, Winifred Bryan, and Michael Left, eds. Rhetoric and Pedagogy: Its History, Philosophy, and Practice: Essays in Honor of James J. Murphy. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1995.

Selections include Homer's preface; James J. Murphy's bibliography; Beth S. Bennett and Leff's "Introduction: James J. Murphy and the Rhetorical Tradition"; Lawrence D. Green's "Aristotle's Enthymeme and the Imperfect Syllogism"; Robert Gaines's "Cicero's Response to the Philosophers in De Oratore, Book 1"; Jerzy Axer's "Cicero's Court Speeches: The Spoken Text Versus the Published Text. Some Remarks From the Point of View of the Communication Theory of Text"; George A. Kennedy's "Attitudes Toward Authority in the Teaching of Rhetoric Before 1050"; Majorie Curry Woods's "Teaching the Tropes in the Middle Ages: The Theory of Metaphoric Transference in Commentaries on the Poetria Nova"; Martin Camargo's "Between Grammar and Rhetoric: Composition Teaching at Oxford and Bologna in the Late Middle Ages"; John Ward's "The Lectures of Guarino da Verona on the Rhetorica ad Herennium: A Preliminary Discussion"; Jean Dietz Moss's "Ludovico Carbone on the Nature of Rhetoric"; William A. Wallace's "Antonio Riccobono: The Teaching of Rhetoric in 16th-Century Padua"; Barbara Warnick's "A Minor Skirmish: Balthazar Gibert Versus Charles Rollin on Rhetorical Education"; S. Michael Halloran's "Hugh Blair's Use of Quintilian and the Transformation of Rhetoric in the 18th Century"; Thomas M. Conley's "An 18th Century Greek Triplex Modus Praedicandi Treatise"; Kees Meerhoff's "International Humanism"; Don Paul Abbott's "Diego Valade's and the Origins of Humanistic Rhetoric in the Americas"; Heinrich F. Plett's "Shakespeare and the Ars Rhetorica"; Richard Schoeck's "The Borromeo Rings: Rhetoric, Law, and Literature in the English Renaissance"; Nancy Streuver's "The Discourse of Cure: Rhetoric and Medicine in the Late Renaissance"; and Brian Vickers's "Deconstruction's Designs on Rhetoric."

Kintgen, Eugene R. Reading in Tudor England. Pittsburgh: U of Pittsburgh P, 1996.

Drawing upon the education treatises of Erasmus, Ascham, and others, Kintgen describes the ways in which readers during the sixteenth century interpreted texts quite differently from contemporary readers. These readers, Kintgen notes, were trained to notice different aspects of a text and to process them differently. Using commentaries on literary works, various kinds of religious guides and homilies, and self-improvement texts, Kintgen provides evidence for his theories about the art and practice of reading during the sixteenth century.

Knowles, Murray, and Kirsten Malmkjaer. Language and Control in Children's Literature. London: Routledge, 1996.

Knowles and Malmkjaer provide one of the first linguistic analyses of children's literature. Drawing upon a wide range of nineteenth- and twentieth-century works of children's literature, Knowles and Malmkjaer attempt to expose the persuasive power of language. Knowles and Malmkjaer base their study on a survey of children's literature in 1888 and one carried out by themselves a century later. Knowles and Malmkjaer afford particular attention to the vocabulary and grammar patterns that identify in the works featured in their study.

Lamarque, Peter. Fictional Points of View. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1996.

Lamarque offers new examinations of the fundamental concepts in the philosophy of literature and criticism. In addition to questioning the nature of fictional characters and the relation of fiction to reality, Lamarque examines a selection of works in terms of logic, aesthetics, literary criticism, and metaphysics. Lamarque discusses texts by Iris Murdoch, Stanley Cavell, Roland Barthes, Michel Foucault, Kendall Walton, and by the fifteenth-century Japanese playwright Zeami Motokiyo in his study.

Lester, G.A. The Language of Old and Middle English Poetry. London: Macmillan, 1996.

Lester offers an introductory study of the language of Old and Middle English poetry, arguing that the language of that era was the subtlest form of expression for the entire culture. In addition to providing sections on vocabulary, semantics, and syntax, Lester provides a useful introductory work for scholars and students alike interested in understanding the linguistic dimensions of medieval poetry.

MacDonald, Robert H. The Language of Empire: Myths and Metaphors of Popular Imperialism, 1880-1918. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1996.

MacDonald traces the evolution of the British Empire through the language of its unprecedented acquisition of territory and its campaign of propaganda. In this way, MacDonald maps the language of English colonialism, and provides analysis of the manner in which the empire was constructed and given shape and meaning. MacDonald places special emphasis upon the experiences of colonial soldiers and the colonized public in his study, demonstrating that their perception of reality during this era underscores the effects of the empire's propagandist aims.

Manguel, Alberto. A History of Reading. London: HarperCollins, 1996.

Manguel traces the developmental history of reading from its earliest origins through the present. Drawing upon a diversity of reading experience that includes the Book of Hours, the library at Alexandria, cuneiform, and the Great Camel Library of the Grand Vizier of Persia, Manguel investigates the materials, symbols, and influences of the history of reading. Manguel also features chapters on translation, censorship, and bibliomaniacs in his study.

McEnery, Tony, and Andrew Wilson, eds. Corpus Linguistics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 1996.

McEnery and Wilson provide a valuable introductory guide to the shape and nature of corpus linguistics, or the study of language based upon examples of workaday language use. In addition to tracing the history of corpus linguistics, McEnery and Wilson provide chapters on the discipline's relation to the larger field of linguistic study, while also commenting upon such subjects as multilingualism and the linguistic accomplishments of Noam Chomsky. Extensively indexed, McEnery and Wilson's volume offers a series of useful appendices, including a supplementary chapter on available software for research in corpus linguistics.

McFarlane, Brian. Novel to Film: An Introduction to the Theory of Adaptation. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996.

McFarlane offers an introductory study of the act of film adaptation of fictional works. Drawing upon works by Hawthorne, Dickens, and James, McFarlane offers an analysis of the rhetoric of film adaptation. An exercise in applied theory, McFarlane's study provides an alternative methodology to the more subjective and impressionistic volumes currently available regarding the phenomenon of film adaptation.

Moran, Michael G., ed. Eighteenth-Century British and American Rhetorics and Rhetoricians: Critical Studies and Sources. Westport: Greenwood, 1994.

Moran provides a reference guide to many of the major and minor eighteenth-century British and American rhetoricians. Intended as an introductory volume for students and scholars alike, Moran's guide features biographical entries on figures from Hugh Blair and John Herries to Michel Le Faucheur and Mary Wollstonecraft. Moran supplements each entry with a primary and secondary bibliography regarding each figure in his reference guide.

Mugglestone, Lynda. "Talking Proper": The Rise of Accent as Social Symbol. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995.

Mugglestone explores the act of pronunciation in England as a source of social and cultural identity. In addition to studying the shifts in attitudes toward language during the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Mugglestone discusses the perceived differences between the educated and vulgar speakers of English. Mugglestone examines a diversity of literary works that evince these distinctions in pronunciation, while also tracing the ways in which accent creates stereotypes of speakers as well as speech. Mugglestone discusses such accent stereotypes as the "Cockney," the "parvenu," the "educated" class, and the "lady" and the "gentleman."

Murray, Heather. Working in English. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1996.

Murray argues that understanding and reforming the basic discipline of English requires understanding the daily practices of English studies. In addition to tracing the institutional history of English literature, Murray examines the cultural role of the field, as well as recent disciplinary developments in English literary study. Murray concludes her study with "English Studies in Canada to 1945: A Bibliographic Essay."

Nelson, Robert S., and Richard Shiff, eds. Critical Terms for Art History, Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1996.

Selections include Nelson's "At the Place of a Foreword: Someone Looking, Reading, and Writing"; David Summers's "Representation"; Alex Potts's "Sign"; Michael Camille's "Simulacrum"; W. J. T. Mitchell's "Word and Image"; Wolfgang Kemp's "Narrative"; Paul Mattick, Jr.'s "Context"; Stephen Bann's "Meaning/Interpretation"; Shiff's "Originality"; Nelson's "Appropriation"; David Carrier's "Art History"; Charles Harrison's "Modernism"; Ann Gibson's "Avant-Garde"; Mart Antliff and Patricia Leighten's "Primitive"; Suzanne Preston Blier's "Ritual"; William Pietz's "Fetish"; Margaret Olin's "Gaze"; Whitney Davis's "Gender"; Terry Smith's "Modes of Production"; Paul Wood's "Commodity"; Donald Preziosi's "Collecting/Museums"; Joseph Leo Koerner and Lisbet Koerner's "Value"; Homi K. Bhabha's "Postmodernism/Postcolonialism"; and Shiff's "Afterword: Figuration."

Panofsky, Erwin. Irwin Panofsky: Three Essays on Style. Ed Irving Lavin. Cambridge: MIT P, 1995.

Irving Lavin's edition of Erwin Panofsky's influential essays on stylistics includes "What Is Baroque?"; "Style and Medium in the Motion Pictures"; and "The Ideological Antecedents of the Rolls-Royce Radiator." The volume concludes with "Erwin Panofsky: A Curriculum Vitae," by William S. Heckscher.

Perloff, Marjorie. Wittgenstein's Ladder: Poetic Language and the Strangeness of the Ordinary. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1996.

Perloff argues that the philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein provided writers with a radical new aesthetic that enabled them to recognize the inescapable strangeness of ordinary language. Drawing upon the works of Gertrude Stein, Samuel Beckett, Thomas Bernhard, Robert Creeley, and Lyn Hejinian, Perloff reveals the remarkable conscious and often unconscious influence of Wittgenstein upon twentieth-century letters. Perloff concludes her study with the publication of Joseph Kosuth's Letters from Wittgenstein, Abridged at Ghent.

Phelan, James. Narrative as Rhetoric: Technique, Audiences, Ethics, Ideology. Columbus: Ohio State UP, 1996.

Phelan explores the rhetorical dimensions of narrative using texts by W. M. Thackeray, Virginia Woolf, Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Joseph Conrad, Lorrie Moore, Dinesh D'Souza, and Toni Morrison. Phelan emphasizes the recursive relationships between authoriai agency, textual phenomena, and reader response, in addition to examining a wide range of critical approaches including feminism, psychoanalysis, Bakhtinian linguistics, and cultural studies. Phelan also discusses the places of audience, ethics, and ideology in the rhetoric of narrative theory.

Pinkus, Karen. Picturing Silence: Emblem, Language, Counter. Reformation Materiality. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1996.

Lavishly illustrated, Pinkus's study provides a materialist account of the making and dissemination of Renaissance emblems, or symbolic forms for combining words and pictures. Pinkus examines the social context for the collection of these emblems during the early sixteenth century. In addition to providing examples of the genre, Pinkus's study of the emblems offers an illuminating means for understanding gender relations, homicide and blood guilt, and the body during the sixteenth century. Pinkus employs the theoretical insights of Jacques Lacan, Walter Benjamin, Jacques Derrida, and Hans-George Gadamer in her study of Renaissance emblems.

Poerksen, Uwe. Plastic Words: The Tyranny of a Modular Language. Trans. Jutta Mason and David Cayley. University Park: Pennsylvania State UP, 1995.

Poerksen explores the history and usage of plastic words, malleable bits of speech that are remarkable for the uncanny way that they are used to fit multiple circumstances. Drawing upon such as exemplars as "development," "project," "strategy," and "problem," Poerksen argues that by virtue of their lack of meaning plastic words pose a dangerous threat to language because of their slippery and elusive nature. Poerksen traces the usage of plastic words in the media, by politicians, and by the professoriate in an effort to explain the ways in which such language ultimately blurs meaning on virtually every level of conversation.

Remley, Paul G. Old English Biblical Verse: Studies in Genesis, Exodus, and Daniel. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996.

Remley offers an extended study of the Old Testament poems of the Junius collection in the historical context of the development of Anglo-Saxon Christian poetry. Remley identifies a full range of variants in the collection, in addition to providing distinctive readings associated with continuous texts of Old Latin scripture and other non-Vulgate sources. Through his interpretations of the poems, Remly fashions new insights into the cultural history of the Anglo-Saxons.

Reynolds, Suzanne. Medieval Reading: Grammar, Rhetoric and the Classical Text. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996.

Reynolds argues for a radically new approach to the history of reading and literacy in the Middle Ages. In addition to investigating the use of complex literary texts as the basis of elementary instruction in the Latin language, Reynolds demonstrates that the reading of classical literature was shaped by the demands of acquiring Latin literacy through the studies of grammar and rhetoric. Reynolds calls for a reassessment of the relationship of Latin and vernacular discourses in medieval culture.

Rosu, Anca. The Metaphysics of Sound in Wallace Stevens. Tuscaloosa: U of Alabama P, 1995.

Rosu reveals the ways in which Wallace Stevens dedicated his poetry to challenging traditional notions about reality, truth, knowledge, and the role of language as a means of representation. Rosu further argues that Stevens's experimentation with sound explains the pragmatist ideas that underpinned the poet's ways of thinking about language. Rosu's readings of Stevens's verse examine the manner in which meaning emerges in language patterns in his poetry, a dynamic that she describes as "images of sound."

Scott, Grant F. The Sculpted Word: Keats, Ekphrasis, and the Visual Arts. Hanover, NH: UP of New England, 1994.

Scott identifies the ways in which ekphrasis or the trope by which writers translate visual images into words functions in the poetry of Keats. In addition to reading Keats's verse within their literary, cultural, and historical contexts, Scott argues that ekphrasis provides the poet with a means for creating the covert language of descriptive subterfuge. Scott also discusses the notions of gender and ideology in the context of the rhetoric of ekphrasis in Keats's poetry.

Shewmaker, Eugene F. Shakespeare's Language: A Glossary of Unfamiliar Words in His Plays and Poems. New York: Facts on File, 1996.

Shewmaker's reference guide to the language of Shakespeare offers more than 15,000 entries devoted to the explanation of the Bard's arcane reference and unfamiliar expressions. Shewmaker provides definitions for the words as they are used in Shakespeare's texts, while also listing a quotation of each phrase used in an Elizabethan context. Shewmaker defines geographical references, historical and mythological figures, and foreign-language expressions. The volume concludes with a useful "Chronology of the Plays and Poems of William Shakespeare (1564-1616)."

Whiting, Anthony. The Never-Resting Mind: Wallace Stevens's Romantic Irony. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1996.

Whiting examines Wallace Stevens's usage of romantic irony in his verse. Drawing upon the late eighteenth-century theories of Friedrich Schlegel and opposing views espoused by Hegel and Kierkegaard, Whiting identifies the complex expression of these antithetical senses of irony in Stevens's poetry. Whiting also explores the function of romantic irony in the works of T. S. Eliot, Donald Barthelme, and John Ashbery. Using biographical and new historical approaches to Stevens's poems, Whiting reveals the ways in which the rhetoric of romantic irony underpins the poet's verse.

(3) Postmodernism and Deconstruction

Abbott, H. Porter. Beekett Writing Beckett: The Author in the Autograph. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1996.

Abbott argues that, by the time he was composing Waiting for Godot, Samuel Beckett had embarked upon a complex, life-long project of simultaneously writing and reading the self in his drama and prose. Abbott bases his argument in the manner in which Beckett's works continually assault conventional notions of narrative and narration, by his numerous attempts to cross genres and mediums, and by his autocratic attempts to maintain control over the performance and publication of his works. Abbott also explores the issue of Beckett's postmodernist intentions, as well as the writer's political inclinations and his relation to his audience in his writings.

Barker, Stephen, ed. Signs of Change: Premodern, Modern, Postmodern. Albany: State U of New York, 1996.

Selections include Barker's introduction; Ib Johansen's "The Semiotics of Laughter"; Erdmann Waniek's "Silence and the Rehabilitation of Beauty: Twentieth Century German Perspectives on the Poet's Task"; Elinor Fuchs's "Postmodernism and the Scene of Theatre"; John Johnston's "Theoretical Invention and the Contingency of Critique: The Example of Postmodern Semiotics"; Roger Bell's "From Wittgenstein's House to Morphosis: Deconstructing 'Forms of Life'"; Eva Geulen's "Nietzsche's Trees And Where They Grow"; Bruno Bosteels's "A Misreading of Maps: The Politics of Cartography in Marxism and Poststructuralism"; Michael Beehler's [For Joseph Riddel] "Speaking for Nothing: Michel de Certeau on Narrative and Historical Time"; Joseph Chaney's "The Revolution of a Trope: The Rise of the New Science and the Divestment of Rhetoric in the Seventeenth Century"; Patrizia Calefato's "Memory, History, Discourse"; Steve Martinot's "The Loss of Language Within Imperial Liberalism: The United States' Political Structure as Differend"; Sharon Meagher's "Spinning Ethics in Its Grave: Tradition and Rupture in the Theory of Roland Barthes"; James Hatley's "Celan's Poetics of Address: How the Dead Resist Their History"; Barbara Claire Freeman's "A Union Forever Deferred: Sexual Politics After Lacan": Sylvia Soderlind's "Love and Reproduction: Plagiarism, Pornography, and Don Quixote's Abortions"; Hwa Yol Jung's "Writing the Body as Social Discourse: Prolegomena to Camal Hermeneutics"; Soraya Tlatli's "The Intoxication of the Avant-Garde in Benjamin and Habermas"; David F. Bell's "Foucault, Conventions, and New Historicism"; Jeremy Gilbert-Rolfe's "Irreconcilable Similarities: The Idea of Nonrepresentation"; and Cynthia Pon's "The Impossible Limit."

Barry, Andrew, Thomas Osborne, and Nikolas Rose, ed. Foucault and Political Reason: Liberalism, Neo-liberalism and Rationalities of Government. London: U College London P, 1996.

Selections include Andrew, Osborne, and Rose's introduction; Graham Burchell's "Liberal Government and Techniques of the Self"; Rose's "Governing Advanced' Liberal Democracies"; Barry Hindess's "Liberalism, Socialism and Democracy: Variations on a Governmental Theme"; Vikki Bell's "The Promise of Liberalism and the Performance"; Osborne's "Security and Vitality: Drains, Liberalism and Power in the Nineteenth Century"; Barry's "Lines of Communication and Spaces of Rule"; Ian Hunter's "Assembling the School"; Alan Hunt's "Governing the City: Liberalism and Early Modern Modes of Governance"; Pat O'Malley's "Risk and Responsibility"; Mitchell Dean's "Foucault, Government and the Enfolding of Authority"; Barbara Cruikshank's "Revolutions Within: Self-government and Self-esteem"; and Colin Gordon's "Foucault in Britain."

Docherty, Thomas. Alterations: Criticism, History, Representation. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996.

Docherty argues that our efforts to engage in contemporary critical debates require an understanding of the theoretical foundations of postmodern ethics, ecopolitics, and particular attention to the radical difficulties of art. Drawing upon literary works from Shakespeare, Calvino, and Donne, Docherty explores the observations of a wide range of literary and political theoriests, including Marx, Baudrillard, Lyotard, and Badiou, among others. Docherty challenges the prevailing notion that modern criticism remains asea within the limitations of the philosophy of its own identity, arguing instead that only through radical attention to the larger world beyond its boundaries will the theoretical project be able to sustain itself and provide legitimate cultural critique.

Eagleton, Terry, and Drew Milne, eds. Marxist Literary Theory: A Reader. Oxford: Blackwell, 1996.

Selections include Eagleton's "Introduction Part I"; Milne's "Introduction Part II: Reading Marxist Literary Theory"; Marx and Engles's "Social Being and Social Consciousness (1859/1845-46)"; Marx's "Uneven Character of Historical Development and Questions of Art (1857-58)" and "Poetry of the Future (1852)"; Engles's "Against Vulgar Marxism (1890)" and "On Realism (1888)"; V. I. Lenin's "Leo Tolstoy and His Epoch (1911)"; Leon Trotsky's "The Formalist School of Poetry and Marxism (1923)"; V. N. Volsinov's "Concerning the Relationship of the Basis and Superstructures (1929)"; Walter Benjamin's "Surrealism: The Last Snapshot of the European Intelligentsia (1929)" and "Addendum to The Paris of the Second Empire in Baudelaire' (1938)"; Ernst Bloch's "Marxism and Poetry (1935)"; Christoper Caudwell's "English Poets: The Period of Primitive Accumulation (1937)"; Alick West's "The Relativity of Literary Value (1937)"; Bertolt Brecht's "A Short Organum for the Theatre (1949)"; Roland Barthes's "The Tasks of Brechtian Criticism (1956)"; Georg Lukacs's "The Ideology of Modernism (1957)"; Galvano Della Volpe's "The Semantic Dialectic (1960)"; T. W. Adorno's "Commitment (1962)"; Lucien Goldmann's "Introduction to the Problems of a Sociology of the Novel (1963)"; Jean-Paul Sartre's "The Objective Spirit (1972)"; Raymond Williams's "Tragedy and Revolution (1966)" and "Literature (1977)"; Louis Althusser's "A Letter on Art in Reply to Andre Daspre (1966)"; Etienne Balibar and Pierre Macherey's "On Literature as an Ideological Form (1974)"; Eagleton's "Towards a Science of the Text (1976)"; The Marxist-Feminist Literature Collective's "Women's Writing: Jane Eyre, Shirley, Villette, Aurora Leigh (1978)"; Fredric Jameson's "On Interpretation (1981)"; Aijaz Ahmad's "Jameson's Rhetoric of Otherness and the National Allegory' (1987)"; Chidi Amuta's "The Materialism of Cultural Nationalism: Achebe's Things Fall Apart and Arrow of God (1989)"; and Alex Callinicos's "The Jargon of Postmodernity (1989)."

Ferris, Davis S., ed. Walter Benjamin: Theoretical Questions. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1996.

Selections include Ferris's "Introduction: Aura, Resistance, and the Event of History"; Samuel Weber's "Mass Mediauras; or, Art, Aura, and Media in the Work of Walter Benjamin"; Rodolphe Gasche's "The Sober Absolute: On Benjamin and the Early Romantics"; Peter Fenves's "The Genesis of Judgment: Spatiality, Analogy, and Metaphor in Benjamin's 'On Language as Such and on Human Language'"; Carol Jacobs's "Walter Benjamin: Topographically Speaking"; Rainer Nagele's "The Poetic Gound Laid Bare (Benjamin Reading Baudelaire)"; Hans-Jost Frey's "On Presentation in Benjamin": Alexander Garcia Duttmann's "The Violence of Destruction"; and Tom McCall's "Momentary Violence."

Finn, Geraldine. Why Althusser Killed His Wife: Essays on Discourse and Violence. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities, 1996.

Finn frames the development of such concepts as modernism, postmodernism, and feminism against a interpretive political background that finds its origins in the concepts of writing and violence. In addition to discussing the concepts of pornography and ideology on the contemporary hermeneutic scene, Finn identifies the emerging role of ethics as a legitimate form of cultural critique in the waning years of the twentieth century. Finn also explores the politics of literary criticism and interpretive discourse, while affording special attention to the identification of the ethical future of postmodernism.

Gill, James E., ed. Cutting Edges: Postmodern Critical Essays on Eighteenth-Century Satire. Knoxville: U of Tennessee P, 1995.

Selections include Gill's preface; Deborah C. Payne's "Comedy, Satire, or Farce? Or the Generic Difficulties of Restoration Dramatic Satire"; Rose Zimbardo's "The Semiotics of Restoration Satire"; Jean I. Marsden's "Ideology, Sex, and Satire: The Case of Thomas Shadwell"; Jessica Munns's "'The Monster Libell': Power, Politics, and the Press in Thomas Otway's The Poet's Complaint of His Muse"; Richard Braverman's "Satiric Embodiments: Butler, Swift, Sterne"; Allen Dunn's "The Mechanics of Transport: Sublimity and the Imagery of Abjection in Rochester, Swift, and Burke"; Robert Markley's '"Credit Exhausted': Satire and Scarcity in the 1690s"; Melinda Alliker Rabb's "Angry Beauties: (Wo)Manley Satire and the Stage"; Brian A. Connery's "The Persona as Pretender and the Reader as Constitutional Subject in Swift's Tale"; Gill's "Pharmakon, Pharmakos, and Aporetic Structure in Gulliver's Voyage to . . . the Houyhnhnms"; and Lindy Riley's "Mary Davys's Satiric Novel Familiar Letters: Refusing Patriarchal Inscription of Women."

Harris, Wendell V., ed. Beyond Poststructuralism: The Speculations of Theory and the Experience of Reading. University Park: Pennsylvania State UP, 1996.

Selections include Bernard Bergonzi's "From Splendours and Miseries of the Academy"; John Holloway's "Language, Realism, Subjectivity, Objectivity"; Harris's "Adam Naming the Animals"; A. D. Nuttall's "'From Shaking the Concepts'"; Raymond Tallis's "Literature as Textual Intercourse"; John Searle's "Literary Theory and Its Discontents"; Richard Levin's "The Cultural Materialist Attack on Artistic Unity and the Problem of Ideological Criticism"; Robert Scholes's "An End to Hypocriticism"; James Battersby's "Authors and Books: The Return of the Dead from the Graveyard of Theory"; David Bromwich's "Literature and Theory"; Quentin Kraft's "Toward a Critical Re-Renewal: At the Corner of Camus and Bloom Streets"; Michael Fischer's "Deconstruction and the Redemption of Difference"; Charles Altieri's "The Purloined Profession; or, How to Reidealize Reading for the Text"; Christoper Clausen's "'National Literatures' in English: Toward a New Paradigm"; Gayle Greene's "Looking at History"; Andre Lefevere's "On Daring to Teach Literature. Again."; Daniel R. Schwarz's "Signing the Frame, Framing the Sign: Multiculturalism, Canonicity, Pluralism, and the Ethics of Reading Heart of Darkness"; Virgil Nemoianu's "Literary History: Some Roads Not (Yet) Taken"; and Martha Nussbaum's "The Literary Imagination in Public Life."

Haverkamp, Anselm. Leaves of Mourning: Holderlin's Late Work, With an Essay on Keats and Melancholy. Trans. Vernon Chadwick. Albany: State U of New York P, 1996.

Haverkamp surveys the hermeneutics of allegory as postulated in Holderlin's late work. Drawing upon the theoretical insights of Derrida, Freud, Heidegger, and Benjamin, Haverkamp examines the function of mourning in Holderlin's texts, as well as in the romantic-era verse of Keats. In this way, Haverkamp establishes the philosophical foundations of Holderlin's work, while also exemplifying the power of contemporary critical scholarship as a means for revealing the insights of Holderlin's phenomenological critique.

Heller, Vivian. Joyce, Decadence, and Emancipation. Urbana: U of Illinois P, 1995.

Heller draws upon a host of poststructuralist theoretical luminaries in her attempt to trace the origins of modernism. In addition to attempting to situate its emergence in the notion of either decadence or emancipation, Heller investigates the modernist indeterminacies inherent in such Joycean works as Dubliners and Finnegans Wake. Heller also features close readings of selected chapters from Ulysses.

Morrison, Paul. The Poetics of Fascism: Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, Paul de Man. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996.

Morrison addresses the legacy of the modernist poetry of Pound and Eliot, while also assessing the influence of deconstruction as postulated by Paul de Man. Morrison interprets the politics of poststructuralism in relation to the socio-cultural arguments inherent in the poetry and prose of Pound and Eliot. Morrison further maps the social dimensions of modernism through his discussion of de Man and the latent elements of fascism at work in his deconstructive treatises.

Rabate, Jean-Michel. The Ghosts of Modernity. Gainesville: UP of Florida, 1996.

Rabate traces the critical evolution of modernity by rereading its history through the matrices of philosophical and psychoanalytic thought. Rabate further argues that the postmodernist fascination with loss motivates the creation of boundaries and the creation of constricting terms such as modernism and postmodernism. Drawing upon the arguments of writers and theorists from Joyce to Barthes, Rabate ascribes the emergence of modernism to a theoretical basis in Marx's criticism of ideology and Freud's examination of mourning.

Reagan, Charles E. Paul Ricoeur: His Life and His Work. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1996.

Drawing upon his personal association with the critic, Reagan offers a biography of Paul Ricoeur and his extraordinary influence upon poststructuralism's evolution in recent decades. In addition to tracing Ricoeur's devout Protestant upbringing and his tutelage under Roland Dalbiez, Reagan explores the critic's clashes with French politics, his unshakable pacifism, and his role in the turbulent student protests of the 1960s in Paris. Reagan supplements his biography with the inclusion of four revealing interviews with Ricoeur, while also providing an extensive, although unannotated, bibliography of Ricoeur's work and works about him.

Smart, Barry, ed. Michel Foucault: Critical Assessments. Vol. 4. London: Routledge, 1995.

Selections include Smart's introduction, "The Government of Conduct: Foucault on Rationality, Power, and Subjectivity"; "The Story of Unreason"; Roland Barthes's "Taking Sides"; Robert Mandrou's "Trois Clefs pour Comprendre la Folie a l'epoque Classique"; Fernand Braudel's "Note"; Jacques Derrida's "Cogito and the History of Madness"; David Matza's review of Foucault's Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason"; R. D. Laing's "The Invention of Madness"; Michel Serres's "D'Erehwon a l'Antre du Cyclope"; Maurice Blanchot's "L'Oubli, la Deraison"; H. C. Erik Midelfort's "Madness and Civilization in Early Modern Europe: A Reappraisal of Michel Foucault"; Lawrence Stone's "Madness"; Foucault and Stone's "Comment" on Stone's Madness; Pierre Macherey's "Aux Sources de L'Histoire de la Folie: Une Rectification et ses Limites"; Colin Gordon's "L'Histoire de la Folie: An Unknown Book by Michel Foucault"; Roy Porter's "Foucault's Great Confinement"; Andrew Scull's "Michel Foucault's History of Madness"; Huber L. Dreyfus's "Foucault's Critique of Psychiatric Medicine"; Christopher Lasch's "After the Church the Doctors, After the Doctors Utopia: The Birth of the Clinic"; Marguerite Howe's "Open Up a Few Corpses: Review of The Birth of the Clinic, by Michel Foucault"; Charles E. Scott's "The Power of Medicine, The Power of Ethics"; Thomas Osborne's "Medicine and Epistemology: Michel Foucault and the Liberality of Clinical Reason"; Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie's "Pierre Riviere, un Parricide du XIXe Siecle: Review of Moi, Pierre Riviere ..., by Michel Foucault"; Gilles Deleuze's "A New Cartographer (Discipline and Punish)"; Clifford Geertz's "Stir Crazy: Review of Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, by Michel Foucault"; Bob Fine's "Struggles against Discipline: The Theory and Politics of Michel Foucault"; Michel de Certeau's "Micro-Techniques and Panoptic Discourse: A Quid Pro Quo"; Gwendolyn Wright and Paul Rabinow's "A Discussion of the Works of Michel Foucault"; Paul Hirst's "Foucault and Architecture"; Bryan S. Turner's "The Disciplines"; Michelle Perrot's "La Lecon des Tenebres: Michel Foucault et la Prison"; David Garland's "Frameworks of Inquiry in the Sociology of Punishment"; Pasquale Pasquino's "Michel Foucault (1926-84): The Will to Knowledge"; Thomas Keenan's "Foucault on Government"; and Gordon's "The Soul of the Citizen: Max Weber and Michel Foucault on Rationality and Government."

Smith, Les W. Confession in the Novel: Bakhtin's Author Revisited. Cranbury, NJ: Associated UP, 1996.

Smith offers a theoretical elaboration of Bakhtin's conceptions of authorship and its implications for poststructuralist literary criticism, a school of thought that often neglects the author's role in the construction of narrative. Smith especially considers Bakhtin's assessment of quantum physics and his distinction between author-creator and author-person in his works. Smith surveys a history of authorial conflict in a variety of narratives by Dostoevsky, Mauriac, O'Connor, and DeLillo. Smith argues that the uniqueness of novels as creative acts always mitigates any distinctions between interpretive practices and the commonality of human experiences.

Spurlin, William J., and Michael Fischer, cds. The New Criticism and Contemporary Literary Theory: Connections and Continuities. New York: Garland, 1995.

Selections include Spurlin's "Introduction: The New Criticism in Contemporary Theory"; John Crowe Ransom's "The Teaching of Poetry"; Allen Tate's "Miss Emily and the Bibliographer"; Robert Penn Warren's "Pure and Impure Poetry"; Cleanth Brooks's "My Credo The Formalist Critics"; Rene Wellek's "The New Criticism: Pro and Contra"; Richard Ohmann's "Teaching and Studying Literature at the End of Ideology"; Gerald Graff's "Who Killed Criticism?" and "'Who Killed Criticism?' in Retrospect"; Annette Kolodny's "Dancing Through the Minefield: Some Observations on the Theory, Practice, and Politics of a Feminist Literary Criticism"; Paul A. Bove's "Variations on Authority: Some Deconstructive Transformations of the New Criticism"; Scott Simpkins's "M.H. Abrams: Defender of the Faith"; Charlotte H. Beck and John P. Rhoades's "'Stanley Fish Was My Reader': Cleanth Brooks, the New Criticism, and Reader-Response Theory"; Spurlin's "New Critical and Reader-Oriented Theories of Reading: Shared Views on the Role of the Reader"; Reginal Martin's "New Criticism and New Black Aesthetic Criticism: Debts and Disagreements"; Patricia Clark Smith's "Icons in the Canyon: A New Critical Memoir"; William E. Cain's "Robert Penn Warren, Paul de Man, and the Fate of Criticism"; Fischer's "The New Criticism in the New Historicism: The Recent Work of Jerome J. McGann"; Jerome J. McGann's "The Course of the Particulars"; Penelope J. Engelbrecht's "New Lesbian Criticism or New (Lesbian) Criticism? Reading, Canon, Academy, Polis"; Spurlin's "Afterword: An Interview with Cleanth Brooks"; and Anna Carew-Miller's annotated bibliography.

Stern, David. Midrash and Theory: Ancient Jewish Exegesis and Contemporary Literary Studies. Evanston: Northwestern UP, 1996.

Drawing upon a host of contemporary critical schools from structuralism and semiotics to deconstruction and cultural studies, Stem discusses the reading challenges of midrash, the literature of classical Jewish Scriptural interpretation. Stem argues that virtually all of the postmodernist schools of critical thought come into play in the complex study of midrash and its radical theoretical foundations. Stem further argues that midrash literature has exerted a profound and lasting impact upon critical theory and its emergence as a means of cultural critique.

Whittier-Ferguson, John. Framing Pieces: Designs of the Gloss in Joyce, Woolf, and Pound. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996.

Whittier-Ferguson addresses the notes, marginalia, critical essays, and longer prose pieces that frame the larger modernist texts of Joyce, Woolf, and Pound. Whittier-Ferguson argues that these textual frames perform complex aesthetic and sociopolitical functions in the modernist works of these writers. He suggests that the study of these structures of textual apparatus provide critics with a means for addressing the ways in which Joyce, Woolf, and Pound comprehend their texts through self-consciousness, self-promotion, and self-elucidation. Whittier-Ferguson concludes that each author's designs ultimately demonstrate the ways in which his or her works are irrevocably framed by historical forces that resist design.

Wonham, Henry B., ed. Criticism and the Color Line: Desegrating American Literary Studies. New Brunswick: Rutgers UP, 1996.

Selections include Wonham's introduction; Toni Morrison's "Unspeakable Things Unspoken: The Afro-American Presence in American Literature"; Eric Lott's "Mr. Clemens and Jim Crow: Twain, Race, and Blackface"; Peter Carafiol's "'Who I Was': Ethnic Identity and American Literary Ethnocentrism"; Ashraf H. A, Rushdy's "Reading Black, White, and Gray in 1968: The Origins of the Contemporary Narrativity of Slavery"; Jeffrey Steele's "The Politics of Mourning: Cultural Grief-Work from Frederick Douglass to Fanny Fern"; Dickson D. Bruce, Jr.'s "Black and White Voices in an Early African-American Colonization Narrative: Problems of Genre and Emergence"; Wonham's "Howells, Du Bois, and the Effect of Common-Sense: Race, Realism, and Nervousness in An Imperative Duty and The Souls of Black Folk"; Carla A. Peterson's "The Remaking of Americans: Gertrude Stein's 'Melanctha' and African-American Musical Traditions"; Todd Vogel's "The Master's Tools Revisited: Foundation Work in Anna Julia Cooper"; Robert S. Levine's "The African-American Presence in Stowe's Dred"; F. Gabrielle Foreman's "Sentimental Abolition in Douglass's Decade: Revision, Erotic Conversion, and the Politics of Witnessing in 'The Heroic Slave' and My Bondage and My Freedom"; Herman Beavers's "The Blind Leading the Blind: The Racial Gaze as Plot Dilemma in 'Benito Cereno' and 'The Heroic Slave'"; Teresa Goddu's "The Ghost of Race: Edgar Allan Poe and the Southern Gothic"; and Shelley Fisher Fishkin's "Interrogating Whiteness, Complicating Blackness: Remapping American Culture."

(4) Reader-Response and Phenomenological Criticism

Aarons, Victoria. A Measure of Memory: Storytelling and Identity in American Jewish Fiction. Athens: U of Georgia P, 1996.

Aarons investigates the significance of storytelling as a means for articulating the nature of individual and communal identity in twentieth-century American Jewish fiction. Aarons focuses primarily upon the works of Sholom Aleichem, Delmore Schwartz, Philip Roth, Bernard Malamud, J. D. Salinger, and Art Spiegelman. Aarons devotes particular attention to examining the characteristically self-reflexive narratives of Jewish literature, with special emphasis upon Hebrew scripture, the Jewish Enlightenment, Yiddish literature, postmodernism, and feminist literary concerns.

Allison, Jonathan, ed. Yeats's Political Identities: Selected Essays. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1996.

Selections include Allison's "Introduction: Fascism, Nationalism, Reception"; Conor Cruise O'Brien's "Passion and Cunning: An Essay on the Politics of W. B. Yeats [Excerpt]"; O'Brien's "Introduction to Passion and Cunning and Other Essays [Excerpt]"; Elizabeth Cullingford's "From Democracy to Authority"; R. F. Foster's "Protestant Magic: W. B. Yeats and the Spell of Irish History"; Marjorie Howes's "Family Values: Gender, Sexuality, and Crisis in Yeats's Anglo-Irish Aristocracy"; Seamus Deane's "Yeats and the Idea of Revolution"; Declan Kiberd's "Inventing Irelands"; Richard Kearney's "Myth and Terror [Excerpt]"; David Lloyd's "The Poetics of Politics: Yeats and the Founding of the State [Excerpt]"; Edna Longley's "Helicon and ni Houlihan: Michael Robartes and the Dancer"; Maurice Hamilton's "Yeats, Austin Clarke, and Sean O'Faolain"; George Bornstein's "Romancing the (Native) Stone: Yeats, Stevens, and the Anglocentric Canon"; Seamus Heaney's "In the Midst of the Force Field": Augustine Martin's "What Stalked through the Post Office? (Reply to Seamus Deane)"; Terence Brown's "Yeats, Joyce, and the Irish Critical Debate"; David Krause's "The De-Yeatsification Cabal"; Hazard Adams's "Yeats and Antithetical Nationalism"; and Ronald Bush's "The Modernist under Siege."

Bagby, George E. Frost and the Book of Nature. Knoxville: U of Tennessee P, 1993.

Bagby explores Robert Frost's reputation as a nature poet, exploring the epistemological, psychological, and imaginative depths that the poet discusses in his nature lyrics. Bagby argues that Frost's nature poetry can be understood in terms of the Romantic tradition of Emerson and Thoreau, and suggests that Frost's incorporation of natural images in his verse functions metaphorically for human concerns. Bagby contends that Frost's poetry provides a modernist variation on the traditional theme of reading nature through verse.

Barta, Peter I. Bely, Joyce, and Doblin: Peripatetics in the City Novel. Gainesville: UP of Florida, 1996.

Barta investigates the narratives of European city novels by Andrei Bely, James Joyce, and Alfred Doblin. Barta argues that these narratives through their combinations of rambling, thinking, observing, and talking create a peripatetic perspective of the self and the world. In addition to arguing that the city forces psychic displacement, tensions, and oppositions upon its characters through their mental wanderings in these novels, Barta suggests that the city narrative dispossesses its characters, although they ultimately retain their desire to come to terms with its restless and oppressive environment.

Beja, Morris, and David Norris, eds. Joyce in the Hibernian Metropolis: Essays. Columbus: Ohio State UP, 1996.

Selections include Norris's preface; Mary Robinson's "Welcome Address"; Robert Adams Day's "Joyce's AcquaCities"; Vincent J. Cheng's "Catching the Conscience of a Race: Joyce and Celticism"; Norris's "OndtHarriet, PoldyLeon, and Shem the Conman"; Jeffrey Segall's "Czech Ulysses: Joyce and Political Correctness, East and West"; Louis Lentin's "I Don't Understand. I Fail To Say. I Dearsee You Too"; Beja's "Approaching Joyce with an Attitude"; Paul Delany's "'A Would-Be-Dirty Mind': D. H. Lawrence as an Enemy of Joyce"; Austin Briggs's "Rebecca West vs. James Joyce, Samuel Beckett, and William Carlos Williams"; Richard Pearce's "Introduction"; Pearce's "'Nausicaa': Monologue as Monologic"; Philip Weinstein's "For Gerty Had Her Dreams that No-one Knew Of"; Patrick McGee's "When Is a Man Not a Man? or, The Male Feminist Approaches 'Nausicaa'"; Jennifer Levine's '"Nausicaa': For (Wo)men Only?"; Zack Bowen's "All Things Come in Threes: Menage a Quatre; or, How Many Triangles Can You Make Out of Four Characters If You Take Them Two at a Time?"; Adriaan van der Weel and Ruud Hisgen's "The Wandering Gentile: Joyce's Emotional Odyssey in Pomes Penyeach"; Derek Attridge's "Introduction"; Levine's "A Brief Allegory of Readings, 1972-1992"; Daniel Ferrer's "Between Inventio and Memoria: Locations of 'Aeolus'"; Maud Ellmann's "'Aeolus': Reading Backward"; Sheldon Brivic's "Stephen Haunted by His Gender: The Uncanny Portrait"; Sebastian D. G. Knowles's "That Form Endearing: A Performance of Siren Songs; or, 'I was only vamping, man'"; Mark Osteen's "Cribs in the Countinghouse: Plagiarism, Proliferation, and Labor in 'Oxen of the Sun'"; John S. Rickard's "The Irish Undergrounds of Joyce and Heaney"; Thomas L. Burkdall's "Cinema Fakes: Film and Joycean Fantasy"; Ralph W. Rader's "Mulligan and Molly: The Beginning of the End"; Laurent Milesi's "Finnegans Wake: The Obliquity of Translations"; and Derek Attridge's "Countlessness of Livestories: Narrativity in Finnegans Wake."

Bruccoli, Matthew J., and Judith S. Baughman. Reader's Companion to E Scott Fitzgerald's Tender Is the Night. Columbia: U of South Carolina P, 1996.

Bruccoli and Baughman's companion to F. Scott Fitzgerald's Tender Is the Night provides readers with a useful introductory guide to the novel's people, places, and events. In addition to explaining the novelist's manifold difficulties throughout the composition and publication of the novel, Bruccoli and Baughman compare Fitzgerald's plans to restructure the novel with Malcolm Cowley's 1951 revised edition of Tender Is the Night. Bruccoli and Baughman supplement their edition with a series of appendices that detail the novel's textual and publication history.

Brown, John Russell. William Shakespeare: Writing for Performance. London: Macmillan, 1996.

Brown draws upon recent insights in performance criticism in an effort to address the staging and production of Shakespeare's plays. In addition to providing an account of Skakespeare's method of writing about actors and the stage, Brown discusses the ways in which the playwright employed words and images in the speeches of his characters. Brown also explores the manner in which reading the plays as narratives of performance enlivens the experience of experiencing Shakespeare's dramatic works.

Burns, Edward, ed. Reading Rochester. New York: St. Martin's P, 1995.

Selections include Burns's introduction; Helen Wilcox's "Gender and Artfulness in Rochester's 'Song of a Young-Lady to Her Ancient Lover'"; Stephen Clark's "'Something Genrous in Meer Lust'?: Rochester and Misogyny"; Jim McGhee's "Obscene Libel and the Language of 'The Imperfect Enjoyment'"; Burns's "Rochester, Lady Betty and the Post-Boy": Simon Dentith's "Negativity and Affirmation in Rochester's Lyric Poetry"; Tony Barley's "'Upon Nothing': Rochester and the Fear of Non-entity"; Nick Davis's "On Not Being a Very Punctual Subject: Rochester and the Invention of Modernity"; Paul Baines's "From 'Nothing to Silence': Rochester and Pope"; Brean S. Hammond's "An Allusion to Horace, Jonson's Ghost and the Second Poets' War"; the late Raman Selden's "Rochester and Oldham: High Rants in Profaneness'"; and Bernard Beatty's '"The Present Moment' and 'Times Whiter Series': Rochester and Dryden."

Cooper, Alan. Philip Roth and the Jews. Albany: State U of New York P, 1996.

Cooper argues that Philip Roth's special brand of secular Jewishness with its own mysteries and humor underscores the nature of the American Jewish experience. Cooper affords particular attention to Roth's novels and his mastery of irony and absurdity in his narratives. Cooper also suggests that the egoism often associated with Roth's fictions actually masks the author's moralist persona.

Crawford, Robert. Identifying Poets: Self and Territory in Twentieth-Century Poetry. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 1993.

Crawford examines the place of the self in the works of a variety of twentieth-century poets, including Robert Frost, Hugh MacDiarmid, Sorley MacLean, Les Murray, John Ashbery, Frank Kuppner, Tom Leonard, Liz Lochhead, Edwin Morgan, Peter Reading, Judith Wright, and Derek Walcott. Crawford argues that the major theme of contemporary poetry lies in the artist's conception of "home" and their "home territory." Crawford suggests that the ways in which these poet identify themselves with their home territories explains the manner in which they construct their identities within their verse.

Daly, Brenda. Lavish Self-Divisions: The Novels of Joyce Carol Oates. Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 1996.

Daly investigates the variety of voices and personae that mark Joyce Carol Oates's authorial voice. Daly argues that the father-identified daughters in the novelist's early works have been replaced in her novels of the 1980s by more self-actualized and self-authored female characters who seek alliances with their culturally devalued mothers. Daly traces this notion through close readings of Oates's novels from With Shuddering Fall through such recent postmodern works as Bellefleur and A Bloodsmoor Romance.

Daniel, Clay. Death in Milton's Poetry. Cranbury, NJ: Associated UP, 1994.

Daniel traces the place of death in Milton's poetry, from his earliest verse written at Cambridge and his first English poem through Lycidas and Paradise Lost. Daniel argues that Milton perceived death, whether spiritual or physical death, as the result of sin. For this reason, Daniel suggests that Paradise Regained is as much about the death of Satan as it is about the life of Jesus Christ.

DeMarr, Mary Jean. Colleen McCullough: A Critical Companion. Westport: Greenwood, 1996.

DcMarr offers an introductory companion to the life and work of Colleen McCullough, the author of such works as The Thorn Birds and The Ladies of Missalonghi. In addition to providing the first full-length examination of McCullough's work, DeMarr's volume provides readers with close analyses of each of the author's nine novels. DeMarr explores each work in terms of its genre, setting, style, character development, plot development, and themes. DeMarr also examines McCullough's novels through a number of alternative critical lenses, including feminist, allegorical, anti-generic, and deconstructionist perspectives, among others.

Diedrick, James. Understanding Martin Amis. Columbia: U of South Carolina P, 1995.

Diedrick provides a comprehensive analysis of the novels of Martin Amis, from The Rachel Papers through The Information. In addition to exploring Amis's penchant for social satire and experimental narrative, Diedrick discusses the many ways in which Amis challenges the "genteel tradition" that still dominates the contemporary British literary scene. Diedrick also affords attention to Amis's association with the "New Oxford Wits," as well as the writer's variety of nonfictional and critical pursuits throughout his career, including his book-length collection of essays, Visiting Mrs. Nabokov.

Dietrich, Richard Farr. Bernard Shaw's Novels: Portraits of the Artist as Man and Superman. Gainesville: UP of Florida, 1996.

Dietrich argues that Shaw attempted to resolve an earlier crisis of identity in his novels in an effort to triumph over the hostile and discouraging world of his youth. Dietrich concentrates particularly upon Shaw's transformation from a shy intellectual into an extroverted and ironic statesman-poet. Dietrich suggests that Shaw, like Joyce, found that he must commit "autogenesis" and recreate himself as his own authority figure in his novels.

Eggert, Paul, and John Worthen, eds. Lawrence and Comedy. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996.

Selections include Eggert's introduction; Worthen's "Drama and Mimicry in Lawrence"; Howard Mills's "Mischief or Merriment, Amazement and Amusement - and Malice: Women in Love"; John Turner's "Comedy and Hysteria in Aaron's Rod"; Lydia Blanchard's "D.H. Lawrence and His Gentle Reader': The Furious Comedy of Mr. Noon"; Holly Laird's "'Homunculus Stirs': Masculinity and the Mock-Heroic in Birds, Beasts and Flowers"; Eggert's "Comedy and Provisionality: Lawrence's Address to His Audience and Material in his Australian Novels"; Paul Paplawski's "Lawrence's Satiric Style: Language and Voice in St. Mawr"; Mark Kinkead-Weekes's "Humour in the Letters of D.H. Lawrence"; and John Bayley's "Lawrence to Larkin: A Changed Perspective."

Evans, Robert C. Habits of Mind: Evidence and Effects of Ben Jonson's Reading. Cranbury, NJ: Associated UP, 1995.

Evans examines the reading habits of Ben Jonson, arguing that a study of the writer's annotations provides a unique insight into his own thinking and creativity. The biographical and literary evidence that Evans gleans from Jonson's annotations usefully supplements and is comparable to the data already available in Jonson's important commonplace book, The Discoveries. Evans offers a close reading of Jonson's annotated response to the Bible, perhaps the central text of his Christian humanism.

Gager, Valerie L. Shakespeare and Dickens: The Dynamics of Influence. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996.

Gager discusses Dickens's interest in Shakespeare from childhood, not only through his own reading and performance, but also through numerous theatrical, literary, and artistic sources. Gager examines Dickens's numerous references to Shakespeare, arguing that the novelist's imaginative transformations of Shakespeare's words and ideas enrich Dickens's aesthetic principles, language, imagery, plot, theme, tone, structure, and characterization. Gager concludes her study with an annotated catalogue of approximately 1,000 references to Shakespeare's plays and poems assembled from Dickens's fiction, essays, letters, and speeches.

Garratt, Robert F., ed. Critical Essays on Seamus Heaney. New York: G. K. Hall, 1995.

Selections include Garratt's introduction; Alan Shapiro's "Crossed Pieties [On the Early Poetry]"; John Wilson Foster's "The Poetry of Seamus Heaney [On Wintering Out]"; John Hildebidle's "A Decade of Seamus Heaney's Poetry"; Alasdair Macrae's "Seamus Heaney's New Voice in Station Island"; Helen Vendler's "Second Thoughts [On The Haw Lantern]"; Hazard Adams's "Critic as Heaney"; Paul Scott Stanfield's "Facing North Again: Polyphony, Contention"; Lucy McDiarmid's "Heaney and the Politics of the Classroom": David Lloyd's "'Pap for the Dispossessed' [Heaney and the Postcolonial Moment]"; Nathalie F. Anderson's "Queasy Proximity: Seamus Heaney's Mythical Method"; Carlanda Green's "The Feminine Principle in Seamus Heaney's Poetry"; Carla de Petris's "Heaney and Dante"; John Stallworthy's "The Poet as Archaeologist: W. B. Yeats and Seamus Heaney"; Darcy O'Brien's "Seamus Heaney and Wordsworth: A Correspondent Breeze"; Dillon Johnston's "Irish Poetry After Joyce (Heaney and Kavanagh)"; and Carolyn Meyer's "Orthodoxy, Independence, and Influence in Seamus Heaney's Station Island."

Ginsberg, Elaine K., ed. Passing and the Fictions of Identity. Durham: Duke UP, 1996.

Selections include Ginsberg's "Introduction: The Politics of Passing"; Marion Rust's "The Subaltern as Imperialist: Speaking of Olaudah Equiano"; Ellen M. Weinauer's "'A Most Respectable Looking Gentleman': Passing, Possession, and Transgression in Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom"; Samira Kawash's "The Autobiography of an Ex-Coloured Man: (Passing for) Black Passing for White"; Martha J. Cutter's "Sliding Significations: Passing as a Narrative and Textual Strategy in Nella Larsen's Fiction"; Julia Stern's "Spanish Masquerade and the Drama of Racial Identity in Uncle Tom's Cabin"; Katharine Nicholson Ings's "Blackness and the Literary Imagination: Uncovering The Hidden Hand"; Gayle Wald's "'A Most Disagreeable Mirror': Reflections on White Identity in Black Like Me"; Elizabeth Young's "Confederate Counterfeit: The Case of the Cross-Dressed Civil War Soldier"; Valerie Rohy's "Displacing Desire: Passing, Nostalgia, and Giovanni's Room"; and Adrian Piper's "Passing for White, Passing for Black."

Goodheart, Sandor. Sacrificing Commentary: Reading the End of Literature. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1996.

Goodheart argues that literary critics by constructing interpretive responses that sacrilize and mythologize literary works abandon the ethical responsibilities of their forms of inquiry. Goodheart supports his theory through close readings of Sophocles's Oedipus Tyrannus, Shakespeare's Richard 11, and four passages from the Hebrew Torah. Goodheart also examines a lecture given by Yiddish poet and playwright Halpern Leivick in support of his theory regarding the critical abdication of genuine inquiry.

Gorski, William T. Yeats and Alchemy. Albany: State U of New York P, 1996.

Gorski traces the development of alchemical discourse in the early essays and poetry of Yeats. Gorski examines the themes of transformation, apocalypse, and futurity in the context of Yeats's alchemical representations of the 1890s. Gorski also discusses previously unpublished Yeats journals theorize on the body's place and potential in spiritual transformation, while exploring the role of alchemy in his turbulent relationship with Maud Gonne.

Greenspan, Ezra, ed. The Cambridge Companion to Walt Whitman. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1995.

Selections include Greenspan's introduction; Stephen Railton's "'As If I Were With You' The Performance of Whitman's Poetry"; M. Wynn Thomas's "Fratricide and Brotherly Love: Whitman and the Civil War"; James Perrin Warren's "Reading Whitman's Postwar Poetry"; David S. Reynolds's "Politics and Poetry: Leaves of Grass and the Social Crisis of the 1850s"; Greenspan's "Some Remarks on the Poetics of Participle-Loving Whitman"; Sherry Ceniza's "'Being a Woman ... I Wish to Give My Own View': Some Nineteenth-Century Women's Responses to the 1860 Leaves of Grass"; Ed Folsom's "Appearing in Print: Illustrations of the Self in Leaves of Grass"; Ruth L. Bohan's "'I Sing the Body Electric': Isadora Duncan, Whitman, and the Dance"; Alan Trachtenberg's "Walt Whitman: Precipitant of the Modern"; and Fernando Alegria's "Borges's 'Song of Myself.'"

Hakutani, Yoshinobu. Richard Wright and Racial Discourse. Columbia: U of Missouri P, 1996.

Hakutani examines the novels of Richard Wright both as works of art and narrative discourses on race. In addition to comparing the writer's work with the novels of Mark Twain, Theodore Dreiser, and Albert Camus, Hakutani discusses the elements of existentialism and Zen philosophy inherent in Wright's novels. Hakutani devotes attention to Wright's frequently neglected nonfiction and also examines the novelist's interest in Japanese aesthetics.

Halio, Jay L. Shakespeare in Performance: A Midsummer Night's Dream. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1996.

Halio explores the complex dramatic structure of A Midsummer Night's Dream, while also discussing the play's substantial popularity during the twentieth century. In addition to providing an historical survey of the play's production history from the Elizabethan era through the nineteenth century, Halio investigates twentieth-century productions and adaptations of the play. Halio provides close readings of the play's reading by such directorial luminaries as Max Reinhardt, Peter Hall, Robert Lepage, and Peter Brook.

Harjo, Joy. The Spiral of Memory: Interviews Ed. by Laura Coltelli. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1996.

Coltelli assembles a series of interviews with the Navajo poet Joy Harjo. In addition to a useful biographical and critical introduction, Coltelli collects a variety of interviews with the poet that underscore her vital contribution to twentieth-century American letters.

Harris, Trudier, ed. New Essays on Go Tell It on the Mountain. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996.

Selections include Harris's introduction; Michael F. Lynch's "A Glimpse of the Hidden God: Dialectical Visions in Baldwin's Go Tell It on the Mountain"; Horace Porter's "The South in Go Tell It on the Mountain: Baldwin's Personal Confrontation"; Bryan R. Washington's "Wrestling with 'The Love That Dare Not Speak Its Name': John, Elisha, and the Master"; Vivian M. May's "Ambivalent Narratives, Fragmented Selves: Performative Identities and the Mutability of Roles in James Baldwin's Go Tell It on the Mountain"; and Keith Clark's "Baldwin, Communitas, and the Black Masculinist Tradition."

Hart, Henry. Robert Lowell and the Sublime. Syracuse: Syracuse UP, 1995.

Hart traces the evolution of the Romantic notion of the sublime in the twentieth-century American verse of Robert Lowell. In addition to addressing the development of the sublime from the work of Emerson through the twentieth century, Hart addresses Lowell's appropriation of sublimity in his poetry. Hart argues that the notion of the sublime lies at the heart of the American literary tradition, while also exploring Lowell's problematic status as a member of the "confessional" school of postwar poets.

Heaney, Seamus. The Redress of Poetry. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1995.

Heaney's latest volume of criticism assembles the lectures he gave during his tenure as Professor of Poetry at Oxford. Heaney's essays examine the works of a wide range of poets, including Christopher Marlowe, John Clare, Oscar Wilde, Brian Merriman, Elizabeth Bishop, W. B. Yeats, and Philip Larkin, among others. Heaney argues that poetry provides its readers with a means for regaining spiritual balance and facing the difficult challenges inherent in the modern world.

Howard-Hill, T. H. Middleton's "Vulgar Pasquin": Essays on A Game at Chess. Cranbury, NJ: Associated UP, 1995.

Howard-Hill provides close readings of Thomas Middleton's A Game at Chess, one of the most significant plays of James I's reign. In addition to situating the play in its critical, genetic, historical, political, and theatrical contexts, Howard-Hill discusses a range of interpretive responses to the play by Margot Heinemann, Jerzy Limon, Albert Tricomi, and A. B. Bromham. Howar-Hill also devotes attention to the analysis of the play's historical and literary sources, with particular emphasis upon the anti-Spanish pamphlets of the 1620s that provided A Game at Chess's principal textual foundations.

Hunter, Shelagh. Harriet Martineau: The Poetics of Moralism. Aldershot, Hants: Scolat, 1995.

Hunter assesses the life and work of Harriet Martineau, one of the Victorian era's most important pioneers in popular educational and mainstream journalism. Hunter argues that the Victorian concept of "moral health" to which Martineau aspired empowered her pragmatic career marked by its adherence to social altruism. Hunter traces Martineau's ethical system to a Wordsworthian moral psychology that successfully united religion, politics, and self-development into a moral framework that Martineau described as "moral independence."

James, Judith Giblin. Wunderkind: The Reputation of Carson McCullers, 1940-1990. Columbia: Camden House, 1995.

James challenges the prevailing view of Carson McCullers as a failed wunderkind who wrote disturbing accounts of spiritual isolation in the shadow of Faulkner and other writers of the New South. James argues instead that McCullers recognized the interplay of gender, race, and class in her fictions. James suggests that McCullers's novels might be better understood as rich and complex attempts to explain the beauty inherent in life's diversity.

Jedrzejewski, Jan. Thomas Hardy and the Church. London: Macmillan, 1996.

Jedrzejewski traces the development of Hardy's attitude toward Christianity through an analysis of his use of the motifs of church architecture, religious music and ritual, and the characters of clergymen in his fictions. Jedrzejewski examines the tension between Hardy's aesthetic and emotional attachment to the Christian tradition that he inherited, as well as his inability to accept the ontological essence of that tradition. Jedrzejewski also explores the manner in which Hardy's views shifted from a largely automatic acceptance of Christianity toward his recognition, during the latter years of his life, of his role as a guardian of moral values.

Jones, Jo Elwyn, and J. Francis Gladstone. The Red King's Dream, or Lewis Carroll in Wonderland. London: Jonathan Cape, 1995.

Jones and Gladstone examine the diaries of Lewis Carroll and his portraits of a variety of Victorian celebrities including Faraday, Huxley, Tennyson, and Ruskin in an effort to unravel the author's critique of Victorian life and politics in the pages of his "Alice" tales. In addition to arguing that Tweedledum and Tweedledee were inspired by the machinations of Tennyson's sons, Jones and Gladstone identify the inspirations for such characters as the White Rabbit, the mad Hatter, and the Red King, among others.

Keating, Peter. Kipling: The Poet. London: Secker and Warburg, 1994.

Keating argues that the poetry of Rudyard Kipling remains remarkably undervalued and grossly misunderstood, despite the writer's tremendous popularity during his lifetime. Keating affords special attention to Kipling's celebration of the British empire, his warnings about the rise of Hitler and Nazi Germany, and his irreverent sketches of Anglo-Indian society, among other subjects. Keating also examines Kipling's interest in the supernatural, as well as his composition of a number of charming didactic poems for children.

Kendrick, Christopher, ed. Critical Essays on John Milton. New York: G. K. Hall, 1995.

Selections include Kendrick's introduction; Carl Freedman's "How to Do Things With Milton: A Study in the Politics of Literary Criticism"; Victoria Silver's "Thoughts in Misbecoming Plight: Allegory in Comus'; Stanley Fish's "Things and Actions Indifferent: The Temptation of Plot in Paradise Regained"; Laura Lunger Knoppers's Paradise Regained and the Politics of Martyrdom"; David Loewenstein's "'Casting Down Imaginations': Milton as Iconoclast"; William Flesch's "Reading, Seeing, and Acting in Samson Agonistes"; Peter Lindenbaum's "John Milton and the Republican Mode of Literary Production"; Mary Nyquist's "The Genesis of Gendered Subjectivity in the Divorce Tracts and in Paradise Lost"; and John Guillory's "Milton, Narcissim, Gender: On the Genealogy of Male Self-Esteem."

Kennedy, Richard S. Robert Browning's Asolando: The Indian Summer of a Poet. Columbia: U of Missouri P, 1993.

Kennedy provides a close reading of Asolando, Robert Browning's final volume of poetry, which has often been overlooked and undervalued by critics and readers alike since its 1889 publication. Kennedy argues that the poem offers a fitting capstone to Browning's poetic career because it evinces the poet's final creative resurgence. In addition to exploring Browning's relationship with the American widow, Katherine Bronson, Kennedy combines biographical and critical commentary in his analysis of Browning's last years and his final poetic masterpiece.

Kerr, Heather, Robin Eaden, and Madge Mitton, eds. Shakespeare: World Views. Cranbury, NJ: Associated UP, 1996.

Selections include Michael Billington's "Was Shakespeare English?"; Jyotsna Singh's "The Postcolonial/Postmodern Shakespeare"; Martin Prochazka's "Shakespeare and Czech Resistance"; Michael Morley's "Brecht's Hamlet"; Werner Habicht's "Shakespeare and the German Imagination: Cult, Controversy, and Performance"; Ann Blake's "Shakespeare's Comic Locations"; Trevor Code's "Shakespeare Outside England: 'Much More Monstrous Matter of Feast'"; Mercedes Maroto Camino's "'That Map Which Deep Impression Bears': The Politics of Conquest in Shakespeare's Lucrece"; John Golder's "'Mon SansCulotte Africain": A French Revolutionary Stage Othello"; Philip Parsons's "The Elizabethan Experiment, Part One: Shakespeare's Playhouse of the Future"; Penny Gay's "The Elizabethan Experiment, Part Two: Reconstructing Elizabethan Performance Conditions in Sydney, 1986-92: The View from the Audience"; David Carnegie's "Stabbed Through the Arras: The Dramaturgy of Elizabethan Stage Hangings"; Jacqueline Martin's "Shakespeare and Performance Practices in Sweden"; Ian Carruthers's "The Chronicle of Macbeth: Suzuki Tadashi's Transformation of Shakespeare's Macbeth"; and Paul Washington's "'This Last Tempest': Shakespeare, Postmodernity, and Prospero's Books."

Killoran, Helen. Edith Wharton: Art and Allusion. Tuscaloosa: U of Alabama P, 1996.

Killoran examines Edith Wharton's penchant for allusion in her fictions, affording particular emphasis to the manner in which the writer planted clues to personal secrets in her novels and stories. In addition to addressing the ways in which the writer developed individual types to form complex figures of speech, Killoran investigates the privates themes that adorn Wharton's works. Killoran traces the evolution of Wharton's private allusions, arguing that they point to a personal mythology that combines her intimate experiences with her social concerns.

Kinney, Arthur F. Go Down, Moses: The Miscegenation of Time. New York: Twayne, 1996.

Kinney's examines Faulkner's powerful assessment of American race relations as espoused by the narrative of Go Down, Moses. Kinney argues that the seven stories that comprise the novel underscore a deceptively simple narrative. Kinney also suggests that the illicit mixing of races in the novel creates a repeating pattern of ambiguous and morally compromised relationships. The volume concludes with several appendices of background information regarding the composition and publication of the novel, while also providing useful historical background for reading Go Down, Moses.

Krook, Dorothea. Henry James's The Ambassadors: A Critical Study. New York: AMS, 1996.

The late Dorothea Krook offers a useful introductory guide to Henry James's The Ambassadors, with particular emphasis upon the role of consciousness in the writer's narrative aesthetic. Originally completed in 1989 shortly before the critic's death, Krook's volume finally saw publication in 1996 because of the tireless efforts of her sister, Anita Jackson, and the general editor of the Henry James Society/AMS Studies, Daniel Mark Fogel. Krook's final critical study provides readers with a meaningful conclusion to the work that she began in her important 1962 study, The Ordeal of Consciousness in Henry James.

LaChapelle, Dolores. D.H. Lawrence: Future Primitive. Denton: U of North Texas P, 1996.

LaChapelle challenges prevailing visions of Lawrence as a Georgian poet, an imagist, a vitalist, or a follower of the French symbolists to argue instead that his work with its abiding interest in nature qualifies him as a future primitive. With close readings of the writer's works from The White Peacock to his final book, Apocalypse, LaChapelle addresses Lawrence's explorations of living on earth and the ecology in his poetry and fictions. LaChapelle assesses Lawrence's understanding of the interplay of human and nonhuman elements of life and spirituality in his works.

Lambdin, Laura C., and Robert L. Lambdin, eds. Chaucer's Pilgrims: An Historical Guide to the Pilgrims in The Canterbury Tales. Westport: Greenwood, 1996.

Selections include Michael A. Calabrese's "A Knyght Ther Was"; Peggy Huey's "A Yong Squier"; John W. Conlee's "A Yeman Had He"; Maureen Hourigan's "Ther Was Also A Nonne, A Prioresse"; Rebecca Stephens's "Another Nonne With Hire Hadde She"; Catherine Cox's "And Preestes Thre"; John P. Hermann's "A Monk Ther Was, A Fair for the Maistrie"; Karl T. Hagen's "A Frere Ther Was, A Wantowne and a Meryee"; Nancy M. Reale's "A Marchant Was Ther With a Forked Berd"; Bert Dillon's "A Clerk Ther Was of Oxenford Also"; Joseph Hornsby's "A Sergeant of the Lawe, War and Wyse"; Elizabeth Mauer Sembler's "A Frankeleyn Was In His Compaignye"; The Lambdins' "An Haberdasher..."; Julian N. Wasserman and Marc Guidry's "... And a Carpenter..."; Gwendolyn Morgan's "... A Webbe ..."; Diana R. Uhlman's "... A Dyere..."; Rebecca Stephens's "... And a Tapycer"; Constance B. Hieatt's "A Cook They Had With Hem For the Nones"; Sigrid King's "A Shipman Ther Was, Wonynge Fet By Weste"; Edwin Eleazar's "With Us Ther Was a Doctour of Phisik"; Judith Slover's "A Good Wive Was Ther of Biside Bath"; Esther M. G. Smith's "And Was A Povre Persoun of a Toun"; Daniel F. Pigg's "With Him Ther Was a Plowman, Was His Brother"; The Lambdins' "The Millere Was a Stout Carl for the Nones"; John H. Fisher's "A Gentil Maunciple Was Ther of a Temple"; Richard B. McDonald's "The Reve Was a Sclendre Colerik Man"; James Keller's "A Sumonour Was Ther With Us In That Place"; Elton E. Smith's "With Hym Ther Rood a Gentil Pardoner"; Thomas C. Richardson's "Harry Bailly: Chaucer's Innkeeper"; Christine M. Chism's "I Demed Hym Som Chanoun For To Be"; The Lambdins' "His Yeman Eek Was Ful of Curteisye"; and Katharine Wilson's "'What Man Arrow?': The Narrator as Writer and Pilgrim."

Landau, John. "A Thing Divided": Representation in the Late Novels of Henry James. Cranbury, NJ: Associated UP, 1996.

Landau examines the role of the self and its representation in the later novels of Henry James, including The Ambassadors, The Wings of the Dove, and The Golden Bowl. In addition to addressing the places of plot and style in James's narrative strategies, Landau explores the novelist's ethical approach to the social arenas depicted in his fictions. Landau argues that James's mode of accommodating the self in his novels provide readers with a means for understanding the vague boundaries between representation and reality in the novelist's later works.

Lane, Maggie. Jane Austen and Food. London: Hambledon, 1995.

Lane addresses the vital role of food in the novels of Jane Austen, arguing that her plots are marked by the rituals of giving and sharing meals. In addition to exploring the attitudes of her characters to eating, housekeeping, and hospitality, Lane suggests that the characters in Austen's fictions find their moral value through their participation in such activities. Lane also argues that the numerous references to food and dining in Austen's novels contribute to an extended metaphor regarding communal interdependence in Austen's fictions.

Lieb, Michael. Milton and the Culture of Violence. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1994.

Lieb investigates the culture of violence, constructed by myth as well as historical circumstances, in the prose and poetry of Milton. Lieb argues that the notion of sparagmos, or bodily mutilation and dismemberment, functions as the central image in Milton's writings. Suggesting that Milton perceived himself as beseiged by brutal forces constrantly threatening his body and mind with dissolution, Lieb demonstrates the ways in which Milton sought to overcome these forces in his writings.

Lowe-Evans, Mary. Frankenstein: Mary Shelley's Wedding Guest. New York: Twayne, 1993.

Lowe-Evans explores the role of the cultural upheavals of the French Revolution in the literary production of Mary Shelley's Frankenstein. Lowe-Evans argues that the novel promotes the highest ideal of Romanticism the potential for human goodness to persist unfettered by law. Lowe-Evans also reveals the novel's ambivalent position regarding the value of marriage, a hotly contested issue among men and women alike during the early nineteenth century.

Maud, Ralph. Charles Olson's Reading: A Biography. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1996.

Maud traces the life and work of Charles Olson. Using the poet's library, housed at the University of Connecticut since his death in 1970, Maud discusses Olson's intellectual and professional development. In addition to exploring the role of the painter Corrado Cagli in the poetry of Olson regarding the Holocaust, Maud examines Olson's emergence as a major American poet. Maud also affords attention to the poet's relationship with Ezra Pound.

McGann, Jerome J. The Poetics of Sensibility: A Revolution in Literary Style. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996.

McGann investigates the often neglected poetic works of sensibility of the Romantic era. McGann examines the attitudes and procedures followed by various poets who were in the midst of developing new resources of poetic language made possible by the Lockean revolution. McGann affords special emphasis poetry written between 1730 and 1830, an era which includes works by Coleridge, Greville, Yearsley, Wordsworth, Shelley, and Keats, among others.

McMaster, Juliet, and Bruce Stovel, eds. Jane Austen's Business: Her World and Her Profession. London: Macmillan, 1996.

Selections include Isobel Grundy's "Persuasion: or, The Triumph of Cheerfulness"; Peter Sabor's "'Staring in Astonishment': Portraits and Prints in Persuasion"; Lorrie Clark's "Transfiguring the Romantic Sublime in Persuasion"; Douglas Murray's "Gazing and Avoiding the Gaze"; George Butte's "Shame or Espousal? Emma and the New Intersubjectivity of Anxiety in Austen"; Jan Fergus's "'My Sore-Throats, You Know, Are Always Worse Than Anybody's': Mary Musgrove and Jane Austen's Art of Whining"; McMaster's "Talking About Talk in Pride and Prejudice"; Inger Sigrun Thomsen's "Words Half-Dethroned': Jane Austen's Art of the Unspoken"; Jane Millgate's "Prudential Lovers and Lost Heirs: Persuasion and the Presence of Scott"; Judity Terry's "The Slow Process of Persuasion"; Edward Copeland's "The Austens and the Elliots: A Consumer's Guide to Persuasion"; Gary Kelly's "Jane Austen's Real Business: The Novel, Literature and Cultural Capital"; Julia Prewitt Brown's "Private and Public in Persuasion"; Elaine Showalter's "Retrenchments"; Stovel's "'The Sentient Target of Death': Jane Austen's Prayers"; and Margaret Drabble's "The Dower House at Kellynch: A Somerset Romance."

Moody, A. David. Tracing T. S. Eliot's Spirit: Essays on His Poetry and Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996.

Moody discusses Eliot's lifetime quest for embracing a world of the spirit in his poetry. In addition to addressing the spiritual geography of his verse, Moody explores the American roots of his work, his engagement with the philosophy and religion of India, and his difficult attempt to adopt a European mindset. Moody affords particular emphasis upon the study of a Latin poem, Pervigilium Veneris, a fragment of which appears in the concluding phrases of The Waste Land.

Moreland, Kim. The Medievalist Impulse in American Literature: Twain, Adams, Fitzgerald, and Hemingway. Charlottesville: UP of Virginia, 1996.

Moreland investigates the medieval traditions of courtly love and chivalry in the American literary works of Twain, Adams, Fitzgerald, and Hemingway. In addition to tracing the evolution of the medievalist impulse in American letters, Moreland draws from an eclectic range of critical perspectives, including feminist, deconstructive, and psychobiographical interpretive approaches. Moreland argues that the appropriation of the medieval tradition in the works of Twain, Adams, Fitzgerald, and Hemingway reveals the need for social and political ideals during a modern era fraught with radical change and social disruption.

Mustafa, Fawzia. V. S. Naipaul. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1995.

Mustafa provides a critical introduction to the works of V. S. Naipaul published during the postwar era. He devotes special attention to the literary, cultural, and political questions addressed in Naipaul's works of postcolonial fiction. Mustafa introduces general debates regarding postcolonial literary production and its investigation of narrative techniques, language, gender, race, and the politics of canon formation.

Nuernberg, Susan M., ed. The Critical Response to Jack London. Westport: Greenwood, 1995.

Selections include Nuernberg's "Jack London's Literary Reputation"; Jack London's "Letter to Mr. Revision Editor' at Youth's Companion"; Clell Peterson's "The Theme of Jack London's 'To Build a Fire'"; Earle Labor and King Hendricks's "Jack London's Twice Told Tale"; James M. Mellard's "Dramatic Mode and Tragic Structure in 'To Build a Fire'; Charles E. May's 'To Build a Fire': Physical Fiction and Metaphysical Critics"; George R. Adams's "Why the Man Dies in 'To Build a Fire'"; B. G. Lathrop's "Books of the Week in Literary Chat"; Charles A. Moody's "An Unconventional Heroine" and "Telling What He Has Seen"; Julian Hawthorne's "An Elemental Maid," "Fiction: A Daughter of the Snows," and "New Books: A Daughter of the Snows"; Charles Child Walcutt's "Jack London: Blond Beasts and Supermen"; James R. Giles's "Beneficial Atavism in Frank Norris and Jack London"; Nuernberg's "London's Concept of New Womanhood"; J. Stewart Doubleday's "Literary Notes: Jack London at His Best," "Novels: The Call of the Wild," and "Reviews: The Call of the Wild"; Kate Blackiston Stille's "Reviews: The Call of the Wild"; Johannes Reimers's "Jack London's Book The Call of the Wild: It is More Than a Rattling Good Dog Story It Is an Allegory of Human Struggles and Aspirations"; Jack London's "Books New and Old" and "To the Editor of The Independent"; Tony Tanner's "Jack London's One Great Contribution to American Literature" and "Books: The Call of the Wild"; Primo Levi's "Jack London's Buck" [trans. from the Italian by Raymond Rosenthal]; Daniel Dyer's "Answering the Call of the Wild"; William Morton Payne's "The Sea-Wolf," "Literary Notes: Jack London's Remarkable Book," "New Novels: The Sea-Wolf" and "Recent Fiction: The Sea-Wolf'; Ambrose Bierce's "Literature: A Nietzsche Novel" and "Yes, You Sent Me The Sea-Wolf'; Robert H. Woodward's "Jack London's Code of Primitivism"; Bert Bender's "Jack London in the Tradition of American Sea Fiction"; Joseph Wanhope's "Review of The Iron Heel" and "Current Literature: The Iron Heel"; Sidney G. P. Coryn's "Current Fiction: The Iron Heel" and "New and Notable Novels: The Iron Heel"; Bierce's "In the Realm of Bookland: A New Novel by Jack London" and "Small Contributions"; Leon Trotsky's "Review of The Iron Heel" and "Critique of The Iron Heel"; Do Duc Duc's "Jack London's Dream at the Turn of the Century" [trans. from the Vietnamese by N. T. Ngoc-Phuong]; Christopher Galt's "Looking Forward/Looking Backward: Romance and Utopia in The Iron Heel"; E. F. Edgett's "Jack London's Latest Novel: In The Valley of the Moon" and "He Writes of Love and Sociology"; Helen Bullis's "Jack London Writes Genial Back to the Land Book Latest Fiction Crop," "Jack London: His Valley of the Moon a Pioneer Story"; Russ Kingman's "Fiction: The Valley of the Moon," "Our Booking-Office: Mr. Punch's Staff of Learned Clerks," "Recent Reflections of a Novel-Reader" and "Introduction to The Valley of the Moon"; Jeanne Campbell Reesman's "Jack London's New Woman in a New World: Saxon Brown Roberts's Journey Into the Valley of the Moon"; Laurent Dauphin's "The Valley of the Moon: A Reassessment"; James Kirsch's "Jack London's 'Quest: The Red One'"; Roger Chateauneu's "From the Abyss to the Summit" [trans. from the French by Susan M. Nuemberg]; Stephen Conlon's "Jack London and the Working Class"; Finn Haakon Frolich's "Sea Dog and Sea Wolf at Play in the Valley of the Moon" [compiled and ed. by Margaret Guilford-Kardell]; Jacqueline Tavernier-Courbin's "The Humor of Jack London"; and Hensley C. Woodbridge's "Suggestions for Further Reading" and "Jack London: A Bibliography of Material in English for 1981-1992."

Page, Philip. Dangerous Freedom: Fusion and Fragmentation in Toni Morrison's Novels. Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 1995.

Page argues that the novels of Toni Morrison depict a disjointed culture attempting to coalesce in a society fragmented by racial issues. Page provides close readings of Morrison's works and the manner in which her characters attempt to negotiate meaningful roles and identities in societies divided race, class, and gender issues. In addition to mapping Morrison's motifs of fragmentation in her fictions, Page discusses the ways in which this metaphor impinges upon Morrison's narrators, chronologies, individuals, couples, families, neighborhoods, and races in her fictions.

Paley, Morton D. Coleridge's Later Poetry. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996.

Paley addresses the universal themes of self and unrequited love in the poetry of Coleridge's "golden era." Paley devotes particular attention to the manner in which the poet attempted to develop different modes of writing throughout his career. Paley also explores the role of epitaphs in Coleridge's later works, culminating in an analysis of the epitaph that the poet ultimately composed for himself.

Parrinder, Patrick. Shadows of the Future: H. G. Wells, Science Fiction, and Prophecy. Syracuse: Syuracuse UP, 1995.

Parrinder examines H. G. Wells's attempt to imagine possible futures as the unifying foundation beneath the novelist's remarkably diverse literary career. In addition to exploring the writer's work as a projection of the cosmology of Darwin and Huxley, Parrinder discusses the ways in which Wells sought to exploit the potential of literary and cultural prophecy throughout his biographical and literary life. Parrinder also traces Wells's prodigious influence through a study of the anti-utopian fictions of Evgenii Zamyatin and George Orwell.

Pettit, Charles P.C., ed. Celebrating Thomas Hardy: Insights and Appreciations. London: Macmillan, 1996.

Selections include Furse Swann's foreword; Pettit's preface; James Gibson's "Thomas Hardy's Poetry: Poetic Apprehension and Poetic Method"; Laurence Lerner's "Moments of Vision and After"; Lance St John Butler's "Stability and Subversion: Thomas Hardy's Voices"; Ronald Blythe's "Thomas Hardy and John Clare: A Soil Observed, a Soil Ploughed"; Peter Levi's "Hardy's Friend William Barnes"; Gillian Beer's "Hardy and Decadence"; Simon Curtis's "Hardy, George Moore and the 'Doll' of English Fiction"; Michael Millgate's '"Wives All': Emma and Florence Hardy"; Rosemarie Morgan's "Bodily Transactions: Toni Morrison and Thomas Hardy in Literary Discourse"; Peter Rothermel's "The Far and the Near: On Reading Thomas Hardy Today"; and Edward Blishen's "Hardy, The Hand of Ethelberta, and Some Persisting English Discomforts."

Polk, Noel. Children of the Dark House: Text and Context in Faulkner. Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 1996.

Polk's collection of essays on Faulkner underscores his numerous and influential forays into the study of one of American modernism's central figures. In addition to tracing the Freudian themes in the novelist's works of the late 1920s and early 1930s, Polk discusses the interconnections between Faulkner's life and his celebrated literary career. Polk also affords attention to the difficulties that he has encountered while editing Faulkner's works for the Library of America and Vintage editions.

Polowetzky, Michael. Jerusalem Recovered: Victorian Intellectuals and the Birth of Modern Zionism. Westport: Greenwood, 1995.

Polowetzky provides an introductory overview of the influence of Jewish history and culture upon a wide range of influential men and women of the nineteenth century, including Benjamin Disraeli, George Eliot, Anthony Ashley-Cooper, Charles Warren, and Laurence Oliphant, among others. Polowetzky discusses the manner in which the admiration for Judaism influenced the progress of the lives and literary endeavors of these figures. Polowetzky supplements his study with an historical analysis of Judaism's remarkable affect upon nineteenth-century literature and culture.

Purdy, John Lloyd, ed. The Legacy of D'Arcy McNickle: Writer, Historian, Activist. Norman: U of Oklahoma P, 1996.

Selections include Purdy's introduction; Dorothy R. Parker's "D'Arcy McNickle: An Annotated Bibliography of His Published Articles and Book Reviews in a Bibliographical Context"; Birgit Hans's "Rethinking History: A Context for The Surrounded"; Phillip E. Doss's "Elements of Traditional Oral Narrative in The Surrounded"; William Brown's "The Surrounded: Listening Between the Lines of Inherited Stories"; Robley Evans's "Lost in Translation: McNickle's Tragic Speaking"; Robert F. Gish's "Irony of Consent: Hunting and Heroism in D'Arcy McNickle's The Surrounded"; Parker's "D'Arcy McNickle's Runner in the Sun: Content and Context"; Lori Burlingame's "Cultural Survival in Runner in the Sun"; Jay Hansford C. Vest's "A Legend of Culture: D'Arcy McNickle's Runner in the Sun"; Hans's "Wards of the Government: Federal Indian Policy in 'How Anger Died'"; James Ruppert's "Two Humanities: Mediational Discourse in Wind from an Enemy Sky"; and Alanna Kathleen Brown's "'What Did You See? What Did You Learn? What Will You Remember?': Wind from an Enemy Sky."

Putz, Manfred, ed. Nietzsche in American Literature and Thought. Columbia: Camden House, 1995.

Selections include Putz's "Nietzsche in America: An Introduction"; Hays Steilberg's "First Steps in the New World: Early Popular Reception of Nietzsche in America"; Julika Griem's "The Poetics of History and Science in Nietzsche and Henry Adams"; Jon K. Adams's "Moral Opposition in Nietzsche and Howells"; Daniel T. O'Hara's "Contagious Appearances: Nietzsche, Henry James, and the Critique of Fiction"; Manfred Stassen's "Nietzsky vs. the Booboisie: H. L. Mencken's Uses and Abuses of Nietzsche"; Gerd Hurm's "Of Wolves and Lambs: Jack London's and Nietzsche's Discourses of Nature"; Joseph C. Schopp's "Cowperwood's Will to Power: Dreiser's Trilogy of Desire in the Light of Nietzsche"; Kathryne V. Lindberg's "In the Name of Nietzsche: Ezra Pound Becomes Himself and Others"; Elmar Schenkel's "Dionysus and the Word: The Nietzschean Context of American Modernist Poetry (Cummings, Eliot, Stevens)"; Gerhard Hoffmann's "Eugene O'Neill: America's Nietzschean Playwright"; Christoph Kuhn's "Hemingway and Nietzsche: The Context of Ideas"; Hays Steilberg's "From Dolson to Kaufmann: Philosophical Nietzsche Reception in America, 1901-1950"; Stanley Comgold's "The Subject of Nietzsche: Danto, Nehamas, Staten"; Olaf Hansen's "Stanley Cavell Reading Nietzsche Reading Emerson"; Lutz Ellrich's "Richard Rorty's Pragmatic Appropriation of Nietzsche"; Putz's "Paul de Man and the Postmodern Myth of Nietzsche's Deconstruction of Causality"; Hubert Zapf's "Elective Affinities and American Differences: Nietzsche and Harold Bloom"; and Robert Ackermann's "Nietzsche Ground Zero."

Quinlan, Kieran. Walker Percy: The Last Catholic Novelist. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 1996.

Quinlan investigates the theological principles and religious views that undergird the narratives of Walker Percy, with particular emphasis upon the novelist's Roman Catholic faith. Quinlan explores the influence of a number of figures upon Percy's fictions, including Jacques Maritain, Thomas Merton, Robert Lowell, and Allen Tate, among others. Quinlan also assesses the influence of Kierkegaard, Sartre, Camus, and Heidegger upon Percy's novels, from The Moviegoer and Lancelot to The Second Coming and The Thanatos Syndrome.

Rampersad, Arnold, ed. Richard Wright: A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1995.

Selections include Rampersad's introduction; Jerry H. Bryant's "The Violence of Native Son"; Joseph T. Skerrett, Jr.'s "Composing Bigger: Wright and the Making of Native Son"; Louis Tremaine's "The Dissocciated Sensibility of Bigger Thomas in Wright's Native Son"; Tony Magistrale's "From St. Petersburg to Chicago: Wright's Crime and Punishment"; Sherley Anne Williams's "Papa Dick and Sister-Woman: Reflections on Women in the Fiction of Richard Wight"; Timothy Dow Adams's "I Do Believe Him Though I Know He Lies: Lying as Genre and Metaphor in Richard Wright's Black Boy"; Keneth Kinnamon's "Call and Response: Intertextuality in Two Autobiographical Works by Richard Wright and Maya Angelou"; Abdul R. JanMohamed's "Negating the Negation as a Form of Affirmation in Minority Discourse: The Construction of Richard Wright as Subject"; Rampersad's "Lawd Today!"; Michael Atkinson's "Richard Wright's 'Big Boy Leaves Home' and a Tale from Ovid: A Metamorphosis Transformed"; Jack B. Moore's "The Voice in 12 Million Black Voices"; Patricia D. Watkins's "The Paradoxial Structure of Richard Wright's The Man Who Lived Underground"; Yoshinobu Hakutani's "Richard Wright's The Outsider and Albert Camus's The Stranger"; John M. Reilly's "Richard Wright and the Art of NonFiction: Stepping Out on the Stage of the World"; and Kwame Anthony Appiah's "A Long Way From Home: Wright in the Gold Coast."

Rennie, Neil. Far-Fetched Facts: The Literature of Travel and the Idea of the South Seas. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995.

Rennie provides a history of travel literature from the classical era to early accounts of the New World and the South Seas. Using works by Montaigne, Bacon, Swift, and Defoe, Rennie reads these texts in relation to fictional and nonfictional accounts by other travelers to the South Seas, including Melville and Stevenson, among others. Rennie devotes special attention to tracing the Western notion of the South Seas as it evolved from the lost paradise of Biblical and classical literature to the false paradise of modern-day tourism.

Ricks, Christopher. Essays in Appreciation. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996.

Ricks's collection of essays assembles his wide-ranging responses to literary works by Elizabeth Gaskell, George Eliot, Jane Austen, George Crabbe, John Donne, Charlotte Bronte, and Christopher Marlowe, among others. Ricks provides commentary regarding such subjects as canon formation, the evolution of critical theory, and the development of political criticism, among other subjects. Ricks also features chapters on the philosophy of allusion by J. L. Austin and William Empson's role in the ideology of contemporary hermeneutics.

Rosenberg, Brian. Little Dorrit's Shadows: Character and Contradiction in Dickens. Columbia: U of Missouri P, 1996.

Rosenberg examines the relations between Dickens's ambivalent imagination and his creation of character. Using Little Dorrit as a representative means for exploring this notion, Rosenberg argues that contradiction and uncertainty provide the foundations for the distinctiveness and success of his literary characters. In addition to offering general analyses of many of Dickens's other novels, Rosenberg demonstrates the narrative of doubt and conflict that undergirds the fictional structure of Little Dorrit.

Rosenheim, Shawn, and Stephen Rachman, eds. The American Face of Edgar Allan Poe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1995.

Selections include Rosenheim and Rachman's "Introduction: Beyond 'The Problem of Poe'"; Stanley Cavell's "Being Odd, Getting Even (Descartes, Emerson, Poe)"; Barbara Johnson's "Strange Fits: Poe and Wordsworth on the Nature of Poetic Language"; Rachman's '"Es Lasst sich nicht schreiben': Plagiarism and 'The Man of the Crowd'"; Jonathan Elmer's "Terminate or Liquidate? Poe, Sensationalism, and the Sentimental Tradition"; Eva Cherniavsky's "Revivification and Utopian Time: Poe versus Stowe"; John T. Irwin's "A Clew to a Clue: Locked Rooms and Labyrinths in Poe and Borges"; Rosenheim's "Detective Fiction, Psychoanalysis, and the Analytic Sublime"; Joan Dayan's "Amorous Bondage: Poe, Ladies, and Slaves"; David Leverenz's "Poe and Gentry Virginia"; Laura Saltz's "'(Horrible to Relate!)': Recovering the Body of Marie Roget"; Meredith L. McGill's "Poe, Literary Nationalism, and Authorial Identity"; Louis A. Renza's "'Ut Pictura Poe': Poetic Politics in 'The Island of the Fay' and 'Morning on the Wissahiccon'"; and Gillian Brown's "The Poetics of Extinction."

Rowe, John Carlos, ed. New Essays on The Education of Henry Adams. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996.

Selections include Rowe's introduction; Brook Thomas's "The Education of an American Classic: The Survival of Failure"; Martha Banta's "Being a Begonia' in a Man's World"; Rowe's "Henry Adams's Education in the Age of Imperialism"; and Howard Horwitz's "The Education and the Salvation of History."

Rudy, John G. Wordsworth and the Zen Mind: The Poetry of Self. Emptying. Albany: State U of New York, 1996.

Rudy discusses the ways in which Zen thought and art provide a context for understanding the spirituality of the life and work of Wordsworth. Drawing upon recent insights in literary criticism and the philosophical initiatives of the Kyoto School, Rudy provides intertextual readings of a variety of Wordsworthian and Zen documents in an effort to broaden the emerging East-West dialogue. Rudy also situates Wordsworth's life and work in an evolving world community of intercultural and interreligious communication.

Russell, Sharon A. Stephen King: A Critical Companion. Westport: Greenwood, 1996.

Russell provides one of the most comprehensive introductory guides to the biographical and literary lives of Stephen King. In addition to offering close readings of all of the novelist's principal works, Russell addresses King's contributions to horror and science fiction through analysis of the writer's attention to character development, stylistics, and thematic concerns in his fictions. Russell affords particular emphasis to exploring the manner in which King employs horror, science fiction. and suspense as a means for critiquing human relationships in his novels.

Rylance, Rick, ed. Sons and Lovers: Contemporary Critical Essays. London: Macmillan, 1996.

Selections include Rylance's introduction; Frank Kermode's "The Writing of Sons and Lovers"; Sigmund Freud's "The Most Prevalent Form of Degradation in Erotic Life"; Terry Eagleton's "Psychoanalysis and Society in Sons and Lovers"; Louis L. Martz's "A Portrait of Miriam: A Study in the Design of Sons and Lovers"; Kate Milllet's "Sexual Politics in Sons and Lovers"; Diane S. Bonds's "Narrative Evasion in Sons and Lovers: A Metaphysical Unsettling"; Hilary Simpson's "Lawrence and Feminism in Sons and Lovers"; John Goode's "Individuality and Society in Sons and Lovers"; Graham Holderness's "Language and Social Context in Sons and Lovers"; Scott Sanders's "Society and Ideology in Sons and Lovers"; Tony Pinkney's "Englishness and Realism in Sons and Lovers"; and Paul Delany's "Lawrence and the Decline of the Industrial Spirit."

Sadowski, Piotr. The Knight on His Quest: Symbolic Patterns of Transition in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Cranbury, N J: Associated UP, 1996.

Sadowski provides an integrated interpretation of the thematic aspects of the English fourteenth-century romance Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Sadowski focuses in particular upon the poem's widely-praised harmony of structure and design, arguing that the work can best be understood as an expression and critique of the ideals and values of the medieval traditions of courtly love and chivalry. Sadowski's careful examination of the poem's structure clarifies the quest-based structure that undergirds the themes and symbolic terrain of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.

Schad, John, ed. Dickens Refigured: Bodies, Desires, and Other Histories. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1996.

Selections include Schad's introduction and "Dickens's Cryptic Church: Drawing on Picturs from Italy"; Timothy Clark's "Dickens Through Blanchot: The Nightmare Fascination of a World Without Interiority"; Nicholas Royle's "Our Mutual Friend"; Richard Dellamora's "Pure Oliver: Or, Representation Without Agency"; Helena Michie's "The Avuncular and Beyond: Family (Melo)drama in Nicholas Nickleby"; Patricia Ingham's "Nobody's Fault: The Scope of the Negative in Little Dorrit"; Linda M. Shires's "Literary Careers, Death, and the Body Politics of David Copperfield"; John Lucas's "Past and Present: Bleak House and A Child's History of England"; Diane Elam's "'Another Day Done and I'm Deeper in Debt': Little Dorrit and the Debt of the Everyday"; Steven Connor's "Bable Unbuilding: The Anti-Archi-Rhetoric of Martin Chuzzlewit"; David Trotter's "Dickens's Idle Men"; and J. Hillis Miller's "The Topography of Jealousy in Our Mutual Friend."

Sill, Geoffrey M. Walt Whitman of Mickle Street: A Centennial Collection. Knoxville: U of Tennessee P, 1994.

Selections include Sill's introduction; Daniel Hoffman's "'Hankering, Gross, Mystical, Nude': Whitman's Self' and the American Tradition"; Justin Kaplan's "The Biographer's Problem"; Louis Simpson's "Strategies of Sex in Whitman's Poetry"; David S. Reynolds's "Whitman and Nineteenth-Century Views of Gender and Sexuality"; Daniel Aaron's "Whitman and the Founding Fathers"; Betsy Erkkila's "Whitman and American Empire"; Peter Balakian's "Whitman as Jeremiah"; Ed Folsom's "Whitman and the Visual Democracy of Photography"; Alan Trachtenberg's "Whitman's Visionary Politics"; Xilao Li's "Whitman and Ethnicity"; Joseph Coulson's "The Poem Is the Body: Pronominal Relation in 'Song of Myself'"; Tenney Nathanson's "Whitman's Addresses to His Audience"; Willaim H. Shurr's "The Salvation of America: Walt Whitman's Apocalypticism and Washington Irving's Columbus"; Jerome Loving's "Whitman's Idea of Women"; Sandra M. Gilbert's "'Now in a Moment I Know What I Am For': Rituals of Initiation in Whitman and Dickinson"; Vivian R. Pollak's "Death as Repression, Repression as Death: A Reading of Whitman's Calamus' Poems"; Kenneth M. Price's "Whitman's Influence on Hamlin Garland's Rose of Dutcher's Coolly"; Lorelei Cederstrom's "Wait Whitman and the Imagists"; Norma Wilson's "Heartbeat"; Sigurdur A. Magnusson's "Whitman in Iceland"; Walter Grunzweig's "'Inundated by This Mississippi of Poetry': Walt Whitman and German Expressionism"; Alexander Coleman's "The Ghost of Whitman in Neruda and Borges"; Roger Asselineau's "When Walt Whitman Was a Parisian"; Gay Wilson Allen's "Kornei Chukovsky, Whitman's Russian Translator"; Yassen Zassoursky's "Whitman's Reception and Influence in the Soviet Union"; and William Heyen's "Piety and Home in Whitman and Milosz."

Smith, Nelson, and R.C. Terry, eds. Wilkie Collins to the Forefront: Some Reassessments. New York: AMS, 1995.

Selections include Terry's "'Myself in the Background and the Story in Front': Wilkie Collins As Others Knew Him"; Catherine Peters's "'Invite No Dangerous Publicity': Some Independent Women and Their Effect on Wilkie Collins's Life and Writing"; William M. Clarke's "A Teasing Marital' Correspondence with a Twelve Year Old"; Sue Lonoff's "Sex, Sense, and Nonsense: The Story of the Collins-Lear Friendship"; Christopher Kent's "Probability, Reality, and Sensation in the Novels of Wilkie Collins"; John Sutherland's "Wilkie Collins and the Origins of the Sensation Novel"; John R. Reed's "The Stories of The Moonstone"; William M. Burgan's "Masonic Symbolism in The Moonstone and The Mystery of Edwin Drood"; Ira B. Nadel's "Wilkie Collins and His Illustrators"; Peter L. Caracciolo's "Wilkie Collins and The God Almighty of Novelists': The Example of Scott in No Name and Armadale"; Peter Thoms's "Escaping the Plot: The Quest for Selfhood in The Woman in White"; Barbara Fass Leavy's "Wilkie Collins's The New Magdalen and the Folklore of the Kind and the Unkind Girls"; Kathleen O'Fallon's "Breaking the Laws About Ladies: Wilkie Collins's Questioning of Gender Roles"; Barbara T. Gates's "Wilkie Collins's Suicides: 'Truth As It Is in Nature'"; and C.S. Wiesenthal's "From Charcot to Plato: The History of Hysteria in Heart and Science."

Spaas, Lieve, and Brian Stimpson, eds. Robinson Crusoe: Myths and Metamorphoses. London: Macmillan, 1996.

Selections include Louis James's "Unwrapping Crusoe: Retrospective and Prospective Views"; Alan Downie's "Robinson Crusoe's Eighteenth-Century Contexts"; Ian A. Bell's "Crusoe's Women: Or, the Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time"; Markman Ellis's "Crusoe, Cannibalism and Empire"; Vanessa Smith's "Crusoe in the South Seas: Beachcomers, Missionaries and the Myth of the Castaway"; Samar Attar's "Serving God or Mammon? Echoes from Hayy Ibn Yaqzan and Sinbad the Sailor in Robinson Crusoe"; Spaas's "Narcissus and Friday: From Classical to Anthropological Myth"; Jean-Jacques Hamm's "Caliban, Friday and their Masters"; Christopher Smith's "Charles Guilbert de Pixerecourt's Robinson Crusoe (1805)"; Arnold Saxton's "Female Castaways"; Sharon Meagher's "Resisting Robinson Crusoe in Dechanel's Film"; Carmen Figuerola's "The Robinson Myth in Jean-Richard Bloch's Le Robinson juif"; Lorna Milne's "Myth as Microscope: Michel Tournier's Vendredi ou les limbes du Pacifique"; Anthony Purdy's "'Skillful in the Usury of Time': Michel Tournier and the Critique of Economism"; Emma Wilson's "Vendredi ou les limbes du Pacifique: Tournier, Seduction and Paternity"; Stewart Brown's "'Between Me and Thee is a Great Gulf Fixed': The Crusoe Presence in Walcott's Early Poetry"; Bridget Jones's "'With Crusoe the Slave and Friday the Boss': Derek Walcott's Pantomime"; Paula Burnett's "The Ulyssean Crusoe and the Quest for Redemption in J.M. Coetzee's Foe and Derek Walcott's Omeros"; Patrick Corcoran's "Foe: Metafiction and the Discourse of Power"; Jean-Paul Engelibert's "Daniel Defoe as Character: Subversion of the Myths of Robinson Crusoe and of the Author"; Kevin McCarron's "'In Contemplation of my Deliverance': Robinson Crusoe and Pincher Martin"; Stimpson's "'Insulaire que tu es. Ile -': Valery, the Robinson Crusoe of the Mind"; Kolja Micevic's "Postface: Robinson(g)"; and Kunio Tsunekawa's "A Japanese Robinson."

Stapleton, M. L. Harmful Eloquence: Ovid's Amores from Antiquity to Shakespeare. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1996.

Stapleton investigates the influence of the early elegiac poetry of Publius Ovidius Naso on the classical foundations of European literature. In addition to addressing the manner in which the Amores function as a model for love poetry in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, Stapleton provides close readings of Ovid's influence upon works by the medieval Latin poets, the troubadour poets, Dante, Petrarch, and Shakespeare, among others. Stapleton also concentrates upon Shakespeare's reconfiguration and parody of Ovid's Amores in the sonnets.

Thesing, William B., ed. Robinson Jeffers and a Galaxy of Writers: Essays in Honor of William H. Nolte. Columbia: U of South Carolina P, 1995.

Selections include Thesing's foreword; Tim Hunt's introduction; Neal Bowers's "Jeffers and Merwin: The World Beyond Words"; Terence Diggory's "The Momentum of Syntax in the Poems of Robinson Jeffers"; David Copland Morris's "Critical Orthodoxy and Inhumanist Poetics: The Question of Technique in Jeffers, Dickey, Mallarme, and Stevens"; Gilbert Allen's "Passionate Detachment in the Lyrics of Jeffers and Yeats"; Kyle Norwood's "'Enter and Possess': Jeffers, Frost, and the Borders of the Self'; Colin Falck's "Robinson Jeffers: American Romantic?"; Patrick D. Murphy's "Robinson Jeffers, Gary Snyder, and the Problem of Civilization"; Gordon Van Ness's "'The Lonely Self-Watchful Passion': Narrative and the Poetic Role of Robinson Jeffers and James Dickey"; Wayne Cox's "Robinson Jeffers and the Conflict of Christianity"; Mary McCormack's "The Women of Robinson Jeffers and T.S. Eliot: Mythical Parallels in Give Your Heart to the Hawks' and The Family Reunion"; Alan Brasher's "'Their Beauty Has More Meaning': Transcendental Echoes in Jeffers's Inhumanist Philosophy of Nature"; Calvin Bedient's "Robinson Jeffers, D. H. Lawrence, and the Erotic Sublime"; "Jeffers and the Modern(ist) Terrain: Competing and/or Complementary Poetics? A Panel Discussion with Charles Altieri, Terence Diggory, Albert Gelpi, and James E. Miller, Jr."; and Thesing's "Appendix: A Bibliography of Publications on Jeffers, Mencken, and Other American Writers over the Course of a Career: The Literary Criticism of William H. Nolte."

Tiffany, Daniel. Radio Corpse: Imagism and the Cryptaesthetic of Ezra Pound. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1995.

Tiffany explores Pound's doctrines of literary positivism and Imagism in an attempt to investigate their place in his later engagement with fascism. By focusing on the necrophilic dimension of Pound's early poetry and the evolution of his modernist aesthetic stance, Tiffany establishes an interpretive link between what Pound called the "corpse language" of Victorian poetry and his own fascist radio broadcasts during World War II. Tiffany reads the "radiance" of Pound's fascism in terms of the development of magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission topography.

Tuttleton, James W. Vital Signs: Essays on American Literature and Criticism. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1996.

Tuttleton offers essays on a wide range of literary figures, including Hawthorne, Emerson, Howells, James, Fuller, Chopin, and Fitzgerald, among others. Tuttleton also provides commentary on such contemporary issues as the emergence of critical theory and the historical difficulties inherent in American canon formation. Tuttleton eschews cultural studies in favor of the exploration of literature as fine art rather than the basis of ideological agenda.

Tydeman, William, and Steven Price. Wilde Salome. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996.

Tydeman and Price provide a full-length study of Wilde's play Salome. Tydeman and Price contextualize the play through their detailed stage history of this controversial work and its transformation into opera, dance, and film at the hands of Richard Strauss, Sergei Diaghilev, Peter Brook, Salvador Dali, Lindsay Kemp, and Steven Berkoff, among others. Tydeman and Price survey early productions of the play in Berlin, Paris, and Russia, while also discussing provocative film versions of Salome by Alia Nazimova and Ken Russell.

Vendler, Helen. The Given and the Made: Strategies of Poetic Redefinition. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1995.

Vendler examines the role of fate in the lives and work of four postwar American poets: Robert Lowell, Rita Dove, John Berryman, and Jorie Graham. Vendler explores each poet's career in terms of their poetic strategies and the manner in which they continually return to their biographical and literary origins in their verse. Vendler devotes special attention to the conflict in their poetry between the whimsy of fate and the artist's will to choose.

Vrettos, Athena. Somatic Fictions: Imagining Illness in Victorian Culture. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1995.

rettos investigates the central role of psychosomatic illness as an imaginative construct in Victorian culture. Vrettos argues that illness shaped the terms upon which Victorians perceived relationships between body and mind, self and other, and private and public. Using works by Charlotte Bronte, Elizabeth Gaskell, George Eliot, Henry James, Louisa May Alcott, Harriet Beecher Stowe, George Meredith, Bram Stoker, and H. Rider Haggard, Vrettos examines the historical assumptions and patterns of belief that infused sickness and health with cultural import.

Wagner-Martin, Linda, ed. New Essays on Go Down, Moses. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996.

Selections include Wagner-Martin's introduction; John T. Matthews's "Touching Race in Go Down, Moses"; Judith Bryant Wittenberg's "Go Down, Moses and the Discourse of Environmentalism"; Minrose Gwin's "Her Shape, His Hand: The Spaces of African American Women in Go Down, Moses"; Judith L. Sensibar's "Who Wears the Mask?: Memory, Desire, and Race in Go Down, Moses"; and Thadious M. Davis's "The Game of Courts: Go Down, Moses, Arbitrary Legalities, and Compensatory Boundaries."

Wang, Orrin N. C. Fantastic Modernity: Dialectical Readings in Romanticism and Theory. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1996.

Wang explores the ways in which the emergence in recent decades of critical theory has impinged upon our readings of Romantic literature. Drawing upon works by Shelley, Keats, Wollstonecraft, and Lovejoy, among others, Wang discusses the ideological critiques of Romantic literature espoused by such figures as Paul de Man, Jerome J. McGann, and Fredric Jameson. Wang's analysis of critical theory's convergence with Romantic literature demonstrates the ways in which the theoretical project illuminates the political and historical underpinnings of a broad range of early nineteenth-century texts.

Werman, Golda. Milton and Midrash. Washington, DC: Catholic U of America P, 1995.

Werman investigates the ways in which Midrash or Judaic Biblical exegesis impinges upon contemporary readings of the works of Milton, particularly Paradise Lost. In addition to demonstrating the manner in which Milton based his poem on the first three chapters of the Hebrew Bible, Werman discusses Milton's appropriation of Midrash materials in his poetic commentary on the Genesis account of the Fall. Werman also devotes attention to addressing Milton's knowledge of Hebraica and the interconnections between Pirkei de-Rabbi Eliezer and Paradise Lost.

West III, James L. W., ed. Dreiser's Jennie Gerhardt.' New Essays on the Restored Text. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 1995.

Selections include Robert H. Elias's "Janus-Faced Jennie"; Richard Lingeman's "The Biographical Significance of Jennie Gerhardt"; Judith Kucharski's "Jennie Gerhardt: Naturalism Reconsidered"; Valerie Ross's "Chill History and Rueful Sentiments in Jennie Gerhardt"; Lawrence E. Hussman's "Jennie One-Note: Dreiser's Error in Character Development"; Leonard Cassuto's "Dreiser's Ideal of Balance"; Susan Albertine's "Triangulating Desire in Jennie Gerhardt"; Philip Gerber's "Jennie Gerhardt: A Spencerian Tragedy"; Clare Virginia Eby's "Jennie Through the Eyes of Thorstein Veblen"; Christopher P. Wilson's "Labor and Capital in Jennie Gerhardt"; Danie H. Borus's "Dreiser and the Genteel Tradition"; Nancy Warner Barrineau's "'Housework Is Never Done': Domestic Labor in Jennie Gerhardt"; Miriam Gogol's "Self-Sacrifice and Shame in Jennie Gerhardt"; Yoshinobu Hakutani's "Jannie, Maggie, and the City"; John B. Humma's "Jennie Gerhardt and the Dream of the Pastoral"; Arthur D. Casciato's "How German Is Jennie Gerhardt?"; Emily Clark's "Samuel E. [G]ross: Dreiser's Real Estate Magnate"; West's "The Hotel World in Jennie Gerhardt"; and James M. Hutchisson's "Death and Dying in Jennie Gerhardt."

Zarifopol-Johnston, Ilinca. To Kill a Text: The Dialogic Fiction of Hugo, Dickens, and Zola. Cranbury, N J: Associated UP, 1995.

Zarifopol-Johnston addresses the interpretive possibilities of Bakhtin's dialogic criticism for reading the works of Hugo, Dickens, and Zola. Zarifopol-Johnston argues that Dickens and Hugo demonstrate Zola's conception of the novel as a "graft" of one work upon another that produced hybrid mixtures of various genres and styles of representation. Drawing upon Harold Bloom's theory of the anxiety of influence, Zarifopol-Johnston employs Bakhtin's notions of dialogism and heteroglossia as a means for reading the narratives of works by Hugo, Dickens, and Zola.

(5) Feminist and Gender Studies

Armitage, Shelley. Women's Work: Essays in Cultural Studies. West Cornwall: Locust Hill, 1995.

Armitage explores the critical relationship between gender and creative expression, affording particular attention to their interconnections with multiculturalism and the history of women's arts. In addition to examining the imperialist and colonial imagery that impinges upon the works of women writers, Armitage discusses the lives and texts of such artists as Eudora Welty, Maxine Kumin, Alice Corbin Henderson, Emily Dickinson, Peggy Pond Church, and Samantha Allen. Armitage devotes attention to a wide range of cultural pursuits by women, including the arts of illustration, photography, literature, humor, correspondence, popular culture, and autobiography.

Boscagli, Maurizia. Eye on the Flesh: Fashions of Masculinity in the Early Twentieth Century. Boulder: Westview, 1996.

Boscagli discusses the literary transformation of the male body in early twentieth-century works by E. M. Forster, T. S. Eliot, Oscar Wilde, Rupert Brooke, and D. H. Lawrence. Boscagli argues that the "male superman" in these works directly corresponds to the apotheosis of early mass consumer culture. Boscagli demonstrates that this masculine figure also finds its roots in fascism and inevitably becomes an object of political and economic conformity to the nationalism that marks European culture during this era.

Breitenberg, Mark. Anxious Masculinity in Early Modern England. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996.

Drawing upon contemporary insights from feminism, cultural studies, new historicism, psychoanalysis, and gay studies, Breitenberg argues that masculinity functions as an anxious and volatile element in cultures that distribute power and authority based upon patriarchy. Breitenberg discusses the didactic of desire and anxiety in a wide range of works by Shakespeare, Sir Francis Bacon, and Richard Burton, among others. Breitenberg also traces the evolution of the women writers of the querelles des femmes debate, particularly Jane Anger, among others.

Bristow, Joseph. Effeminate England: Homoerotic Writing after 1885. New York: Columbia UP, 1995.

Bristow examines the legacy of effeminacy in homosexual literature, tracing its roots to the 1885 Labouchere Amendment criminalizing male homosexual contact and Oscar Wilde's incarceration during the following decade. Bristow concentrates his study upon the works of a number of prominent British literary figures, including E. M. Forster, John Addington Symonds, and Quentin Crisp. In addition to evaluating the impact of the AIDS epidemic on homosexual literature, Bristow discusses recent works of gay men's writing, including Alan Hollinghurst's The Swimming Pool Library.

Brown, Julie, ed. American Women Short Story Writers: A Collection of Critical Essays. New York: Garland, 1995.

Selections include Brown's introduction; Brace Mills's "Literary Excellence and Social Reform: Lydia Maria Child's Ultraisms for the 1840s"; Sherry Lee Linkon's "Fiction as Political Discourse: Rose Terry Cooke's Antisuffrage Short Stories"; Timothy Morris's "Elizabeth Stoddard: An Examination of Her Work as Pivot Between Exploratory Fiction and the Modern Short Story"; Gall K. Smith's "Who Was That Masked Woman? Gender and Form in Louisa May Alcott's Confidence Stories"; Stephanie Branson's "Ripe Fruit: Fantastic Elements in the Short Fiction of Ellen Glasgow, Edith Wharton, and Eudora Welty"; Barbara Patrick's "Lady Terrorists: Nineteenth-Century American Women Writers and the Ghost Story"; Ellen Gruber Garvey's "Representations of Female Authorship in Turn-of-the-Century American Magazine Fiction"; Lillian Faderman's "Lesbian Magazine Fiction in the Early Twentieth Century"; Barbara Shollar's "Martha Wolfenstein's Idyls of the Gass and the Dilemma of Ethnic Self-Representation"; Susan Koppelman's "Fannie Hurst's Short Stories of Working Women 'Oats for the Woman,' Sob Sister,' and Contemporary Reader Responses: A Meditation"; Linda K. Karrell's "Lost Borders and Blurred Boundaries: Mary Austin as Storyteller"; A. LaVonne Brown Ruoff's "Ritual and Renewal: Keres Traditions in the Short Fiction of Leslie Silko"; Bill Mullen's "'A Revolutionary Tale': In Search of African American Women's Short Story Writing"; Dolan Hubbard's "Society and Self in Alice Walker's In Love and Trouble"; Douglas Anderson's "Displaced Abjection and States of Grace: Denise Chavez's The Last of the Menu Girls"; Ken Johnson's "Dorothy Parker's Perpetual Motion"; Mary Burgan's "The Feminine' Short Story in America: Historicizing Epiphanies"; Margaret Rozga's "Joyce Carol Oates: Reimagining the Masters, Or, A Woman's Place Is in Her Own Fiction"; Margot Kelley's "Gender and Genre: The Case of the Novel-in-Stories"; Brown's "The Great Ventriloquist Act: Gender and Voice in the Fiction Workshop"; Koppleman's "Bibliography of Primary Sources"; and Amy Shoenberger's "Bibliography of Secondary Sources."

Burke, Sally. American Feminist Playwrights: A Critical History. New York: Twayne, 1996.

Burke traces the history of American feminist playwrights from the Revolutionary works of Mercy Otis Warren and the nineteenth-century plays of Susanna Rowson and Anna Cora Mowatt to the twentieth-century works of Alice Childress, Lorraine Hansberry, Adrienne Kennedy, and Ntozake Shange, among others. Burke devotes particular attention to the themes addressed in more than 200 years of American feminist drama, including the objectification of women. the silencing of their voices, and their psychological and physical abuse. Burke also explores such subgenres as social protest drama and the suffrage plays of the early women's movement.

Cain, William E., ed. Making Feminist History: The Literary Scholarship of Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar. New York: Garland, 1994.

Selections include Carolyn G. Heilbrun's foreword; Cain's introduction; Gilbert and Gubar's "The Mirror and the Vamp: Reflections on Feminist Criticism" and "Tradition and the Female Talent: Modernism and Masculinism"; Nancy K. Miller's "Madwoman Revisited"; Jodi Mikalachki's "Responding to the Bogey: Sympathy and Feminist Milton Criticism"; Michael Fischer's "Romanticism and Feminism"; Susan Meyer's "Writing More Than Papa Lent Me This Book': Charlotte Bronte, Gilbert and Gubar, and the Heterosexual Romance of Literary History"; Barbara Leah Harman's "Playing at Being a Man: The Genesis of Publicity According to Shirley"; Sandra A. Grayson's "The Realist Reflections of Gilbert and Gubar"; Dale M. Bauer's "Reading Ambivalence"; Sandra Adell's "Reflecting the Phallic Gaze: The Nineteenth-Century Origins' of Black Feminist Criticism"; Vincent B. Leitch's "Feminists United: The Dream of Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar"; Kathleen Brogan's "Gilbert and Gubar's Metastory': Contemporary Poetry and the Limitations of a Female Tradition"; Jewel Spears Brooker's "Tradition and Female Enmity: Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar Read T.S. Eliot"; Pamela L. Caughie's "Making History"; Michele Sordi's "Caught in the Crossfire: Critical Situations of Gilbert and Gubar's Madwoman and No Man's Land"; and Gilbert and Gubar's "Heilburn, Hollywood, the Year of the Woman and Us."

Campbell, Jill. Natural Masques: Gender and Identity in Fielding's Plays and Novels. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1995.

Drawing upon a host of contemporary satires and educational treatises, Campbell argues that Henry Fielding's plays and novels exhibit a preoccupation with gender. In addition to reading his work within the historical context of Whig propaganda and other political and social texts, Campbell analyzes the masculinist elements inherent in Fielding's most significant works, particularly Joseph Andrews. Campbell argues that Fielding's representations of gender in his writings underscore the writer's contention that personal identity and gender always remain incoherent and mutable.

Chance, Jane, ed. Gender and Text in the Later Middle Ages. Gainesville: UP of Florida, 1996.

Selections include Chance's introduction; Catherine Brown's "Muliebriter: Doing Gender in the Letters of Heloise"; Saskia M. Murk-Jansen's "The Use of Gender and Gender-Related Imagery in Hadewijch"; Claire L. Sahlin's "Gender and Prophetic Authority in Birgitta of Sweden's Revelations"; Earl Jeffrey Richards's "Rejecting Essentialism and Gendered Writing: The Case of Christine de Pizan"; Rupert T. Pickens's "Marie de France and the Body Poetic"; Kevin Brownlee's "Rewriting Romance: Courtly Discourse and Auto-Citation in Christine de Pizan": Sarah Beckwith's "A Very Material Mysticism: The Medieval Mysticism of Margery Kempe"; Kate Greenspan's "Autohagiography and Medieval Women's Spiritual Autobiography"; Cristina Mazzoni's On the (Un) Representability of Woman's Pleasure: Angela of Foligno and Jacques Lacan"; Maria R. Lichtmann's "'God fulfylled my bodye': Body, Self, and God in Julian of Norwich"; Claire Nouvet's "Writing (in) Fear"; and Mary E. Giles's "The Discourse of Ecstasy: Late Medieval Spanish Women and Their Texts."

Cohen, Paula Marantz. The Daughter as Reader: Encounters between Literature and Life. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1996.

Cohen explores the ways in which personal narrative and literary criticism have the capacity to enrich and deepen the lives of readers. Drawing upon a range of works by Proust, Alice Walker, Austen, and Wordsworth, Cohen attempts to bridge the chasm between the private and the public essences of the self, with particular emphasis upon healing the breach between such social roles as mother, professional, wife, and feminist, among others. In a provocative chapter, "Turning the Screw on Dr. Spock," Cohen argues that Henry James's novel yields valuable insights into the art of child rearing.

Dickie, Margaret, and Thomas Travisano, eds. Gendered Modernisms: American Women Poets and Their Readers. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 1996.

Selections include Dickie's "Recovering the Repression in Stein's Erotic Poetry"; Mary Loeffelholz's "History as Conjugation: Stein's Stanzas in Meditation and the Literary History of the Modernist Long Poem"; Cassandra Laity's "H.D., Modernism, and the Transgressive Sexualities of Decadent-Romantic Platonism"; Dianne Chisholm's "Pornopoeia, the Modernist Canon, and the Cultural Capital of Sexual Literacy: The Case of H. D."; Lisa M. Steinman's "'So As to Be One Having Some Way of Being One Having Some Way of Working': Marianne Moore and Literary Tradition"; Robin Gall Schuize's "'The Frigate Pelican"s Progress: Marianne Moore's Multiple Versions and Modernist Practice"; Suzanne Clark's "Jouissance and the Sentimental Daughter: Edna St. Vincent Millay"; Cheryl Walker's "Antimodern, Modern, and Postmodern Millay: Contexts of Revaluation"; Jeanne Heuving's "Laura (Riding) Jackson's Really New' Poem"; Travisano's "The Elizabeth Bishop Phenomenon"; Kate Daniels's "Muriel Rukeyser and Her Literary Critics"; Richard Flynn's "'The Buried Life and the Body of Waking': Muriel Rukeyser and the Politics of Literary History"; and Kathryne V. Lindberg's "Whose Canon? Gwendolyn Brooks: Founder at the Center of the Margins'."

Dyman, Jenni. Lurking Feminism: The Ghost Stories of Edith Wharton. New York: Peter Lang, 1996.

Dyman reads the supernatural fictions of Edith Wharton as a means for expressing the author's latent feminist concerns. Dyman argues that Wharton's stories protest the domination of patriarchal structures and language, while also probing the gender issues that simultaneously confront men and women. In her analyses of Wharton's ghost stories, Dyman suggests that the author provides a means for resolving the power struggles of male-female relationships through her subversion of male-dominated discourse.

Felber, Lynette. Gender and Genre in Novels Without End: The British Roman-Fleuve. Gainesville: UP of Florida, 1995.

Using recent insights in feminist, reader response, and narratological criticism, Felber attempts to map the role of genre in works of the British roman-fleuve literary tradition, a genre of novels denoted by their lengthy and multi-layered narratives. Felber features close readings of Anthony Trollope's Palliser novels, Dorothy Richardson's Pilgrimage, and Anthony Powell's A Dance to the Music of Time. In addition to exploring the history, reception, and narrative complexities of the roman-fleuve tradition, Felber examines the ways in which gender impinges upon the composition of these epic works.

Foster, Shirley, and Judy Simons. What Katy Read: Feminist Re-Readings of Classic Stories for Girls. London: Macmillan, 1995.

Foster and Simons discuss the genre of popular works of fiction written for girls. In addition to considering such subgenres as the domestic myth and the school story, Foster and Simons argue that such fictions remain a crucial element in most girls' formative literary experiences. Foster and Simons include close readings of a variety of texts by Susan Warner, Charlotte Yonge, Louisa May Alcott, Susan Coolidge, E. Nesbit, L. M. Montgomery, Frances Hodgson Burnett, and Angela Brazil.

Galchinsky, Michael. The Origin of the Modern Jewish Woman Writer: Romance and Reform in Victorian England. Detroit: Wayne State UP, 1996.

Galchinsky discusses the emergence of Anglo-Jewish women's fiction during the Victorian era. In addition to reevaluating works by Disraeli, Edgeworth, Scott, Dickens, Thackeray, and Eliot in terms of Victorian and Jewish literary history, Galchinsky examines novels by such figures as Grace Aguilar, Marion Hartog, Judith and Charlotte Montefiore, and Anna Maria Goldsmid, among others. In his effort to reconstruct the lost subculture of the Victorian Jews, Galchinsky draws from a number of often overlooked sources, including the Jewish Sabbath Journal and a number of articles, tale, and midrashim published in Victorian Jewish periodicals.

Garner, Shirley Nelson, and Madelon Sprengnether, eds. Shakespearean Tragedy and Gender. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1996.

Selections include Sprengnether's "Introduction: The Gendered Subject of Shakespearean Tragedy"; Phyllis Rackin's "History into Tragedy: The Case of Richard III"; Sara Eaton's "A Woman of Letters: Lavinia in Titus Andronicus"; Carol Thomas Neely's "'Documents in Madness': Reading Madness and Gender in Shakespeare's Tragedies and Early Modern Culture"; Janet Adelman's '"Born of Woman': Fantasies of Maternal Power in Macbeth"; Coppelia Kahn's "'Magic of Bounty': Timon of Athens, Jacobean Patronage, and Maternal Power"; Lena Cowen Orlin's "Desdemona's Disposition"; Margo Hendricks's "'The Moor of Venice,' or the Italian on the Renaissance English Stage"; Mary Beth Rose's "The Heroics of Marriage in Othello and The Duchess of Multi"; Carol Cook's "The Fatal Cleopatra"; Linda Charnes's "What's Love Got to Do with It? Reading the Liberal Humanist Romance in Antony and Cleopatra"; Garner's "Shakespeare in My Time and Place"; and Gayle Greene's "Leaving Shakespeare."

Gonda, Caroline. Reading Daughters' Fictions 1709-1834: Novels and Society from Manley to Edgeworth. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996.

Gonda draws on a wide range of literary and nonliterary materials in her exploration of family life and eighteenth-century daughterhood. She also affords particular consideration to the emergence of the father-daughter bond during this era and its representation in literary works. Gonda argues that heroine-centered novels functioned as a vital ingredient in female socialization and the construction of heterosexuality during this era.

Gordon, Edythe Mae. Selected Works of Edythe Mae Gordon. Introd. Lorraine Elena Roses. New York: G.K. Hall, 1996.

Published as part of Henry Louis Gates, Jr.'s series on "African-American Women Writers, 1920-1940," this collection of Edyth Mae Gordon's work includes her stories and poems originally published in the Saturday Evening Quill. The volume concludes with the first publication of Gordon's Boston University M.A. thesis, "The Status of the Negro Woman in the United States from 1619-1865."

Gorham, Deborah. Vera Brittain: A Feminist Life. Oxford: Blackwell, 1996.

Gorham traces the life and work of Vera Brittain, a successful journalist and the author of more than twenty books, including the celebrated autobiography Testament of Youth. Drawing upon a wide range of archival sources and recent insights in feminist literary scholarship, Gorham examines the manner in which Brittain integrated her public and private worlds in her life and work. Gorham also devotes attention to Brittain's important contributions as a catalyst for the emergence of postwar feminism.

Gorsky, Susan Rubinow. Femininity to Feminism: Women and Literature in the Nineteenth Century. New York: Twayne, 1992.

Gorsky explores the tumultuous personal and literary lives of women in the nineteenth century through the writings of a number of social commentators, including the Bronte sisters, Jane Austen, Harriet Martineau, George Eliot, Harriet Beecher Stowe, and Kate Chopin, among others. In this way, Gorsky examines the especially public struggle of women during this era to define themselves as fully realized and independent beings. Drawing upon contemporary statistics regarding family life, women's education, and women in the work force, Gorsky focuses on the efforts of women to locate and enrich their literary and political voices during the nineteenth century.

Hadaller, David. Gynicide: Women in the Novels of William Styron. Cranbury, N J: Associated UP, 1996.

Hadaller argues that female characters in the novels of William Styron engage in suicide as a means of ritual sacrifice, as well as a means for revealing the very nature of social systems of oppression and dehumanization. Drawing upon such works as Lie Down in Darkness, Set This House on Fire, and Sophie's Choice, Hadaller discusses Styron's characterization of females as victims of a pervasive patriarchal social concensus. Using the insights of Bakhtin and feminist criticism, Hadaller argues that suicide functions in Styron's novels as the fruition of male violence and the ultimate product of society's manifold attempts to silence women.

Hamalian, Leo. D. H. Lawrence and Nine Women Writers. Cranbury, N J: Associated UP, 1996.

Hamalian explores the ways in which nine women writers responded in their criticism and fiction to the creativity, genius, and occasional misogyny of D. H. Lawrence. Hamalian includes close readings of works by Katherine Mansfield, H.D., Rebecca West, Meridel LeSueur, Anais Nin, Kay Boyle, Sylvia Plath, Margaret Drabble, and Joyce Carol Oates.

Harris, Sharon M., ed. American Women Writers to 1800. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996.

Harris's volume collects the works of more than ninety women writers from colonial and Revolutionary America, including such luminaries as Bradstreet, Rowlandson, and Knight. In addition to capturing the experiences of early American women, this anthology reveals the diversity of their lives through its attention to works by women from various religious backgrounds, as well as works by Native Americans, African Americans, and European settlers alike. Harris's volume also surveys a range of genres, including extensive selections of memoirs, letters, diaries, poetry, captivity narratives, essays, sermons, autobiographies, novels, drama, and scientific and political tracts.

Harter, Deborah A. Bodies in Pieces: Fantastic Narrative and the Poetics of the Fragment. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1996.

Hatter examines the presence of the fragmented body in fantastic works of the nineteenth century by writers from Hoffmann and Maupassant to Balzac and Poe. She also explores the body's production through both textual and subjective shattering, its violation of material and discursive categories, and its depiction of the mutilated feminine in terms of a transparently male agony. Hatter argues that the fragmentation of the body in fantastic narratives represents the genre's fascination with fragmentation and incompleteness.

Hinds, Hilary. God's Englishwomen: Seventeenth-Century Radical Sectarian Writing and Feminist Criticism. New York: St. Martin's, 1996.

Hinds investigates the writings of women in the radical sects of the seventeenth century through the insights of contemporary feminist criticism. Hinds provides a detailed study of the spiritual autobiographies and prophecies produced by Quaker, Baptist, and Fifth Monarchist women, while also exploring the proliferation of these texts in a culture that largely dismissed women's writing. Hinds's appendices reproduce substantial selections from previously unavailable seventeenth-century texts.

Jarrett-Macauley, Delia, ed. Reconstructing Womanhood, Reconstructing Feminism. London: Routledge, 1996.

Selections include Annecka Marshall's "From Sexual Denigration to Self-Respect: Resisting Images of Black Female Sexuality"; Jarrett-Macauley's "Exemplary Women"; Deborah Cheney's "Those Whom the Immigration Law Has Kept Apart Let No-One Join Together: A View on Immigration Incantation"; Valentina Alexander's "'A Mouse in a Jungle': The Black Christian Woman's Experience in the Church and Society in Britain"; Felly Nkweto Simmonds's "Naming and Identity"; Juliette Jarrett's "Creative Space?: The Experience of Black Women in British Art Schools"; Helen Charles's "'White' Skins, Straight Masks: Masquerading Identities"; Ama Ata Aidoo's "Literature, Feminism and the African Woman Today"; and Lola Young's "The Rough Side of the Mountain: Black Women and Representation in Film."

Jason, Philip K., ed. The Critical Response to Anais Nin. Westport: Greenwood, 1996.

Selections include Cameron Northouse's series foreword; Frank Baldanza's "Anais Nin"; Oliver Evans's "Anais Nin and the Discovery of Inner Space"; Stephanie A. Demetrakopolous (Gauper)'s "Anais Nin and the Feminine Quest for Consciousness: The Quelling of the Devouring Mother and the Ascension of the Sophia"; Estelle C. Jelinek's "Anais Nin: A Critical Evaluation"; Sharon Spencer's 'The Music of the Womb: Anais Nin's Feminine Writing"; Stuart Gilbert's "Passion in Parenthesis"; Maxine Molyneux and Julia Casterton's "Looking Again at Anais Nin"; and Elyse Lamm Pineau's "A Mirror of Her Own: Anais Nin's Autobiographical Performances."

Jenkins, Ruth Y. Reclaiming Myths of Power: Women Writers and the Victorian Spiritual Crisis. Cranbury, N J: Associated UP, 1995.

Jenkins investigates the response of Victorian women writers to the spiritual crisis of that era. Using the lives and works of such writers as George Eliot and Elizabeth Gaskell, Jenkins offers a close analysis of the relationship between spiritual crisis and the radical revision of women's social subjection in the novels of the Victorian era. Jenkins argues that such writers provided women readers with an ideological means for rejecting cultural roles, as well as with an alternative ethical agenda that embraces the needs of the individual.

Jump, Harriet Devine. Mary Wollstonecraft: Writer. New York: Harvester, 1994.

Jump provides readers with an introduction to the feminist works of Mary Wollstonecraft. In addition to contextualizing the writer's literary efforts within her own time, Jump examines Wollstonecraft's emerging feminism in such works as Vindication of the Rights of Women and The Wrongs of Woman; or Maria. Jump also establishes a link between Wollstonecraft and the writings of William Blake.

Keating, AnaLouise. Women Reading Women Writing: Self-Invention in Paula Gunn Allen, Gloria Anzaldua, and Audre Lorde. Philadelphia: Temple UP, 1996.

Keating examines the lives and work of Paula Gunn Allen, Gloria Anzaldua, and Audre Lorde three "self-identified lesbians of color." Drawing upon recent insights in feminist criticism, Keating discusses each novelist's approach to the politics of gender and homosexuality in her works. Keating explores each writer's appropriation of onomastics and mythology in her novels, while also investigating Allen, Anzaldua, and Lorde's various approaches to writing the body in their fictions.

Kestner, Joseph A. Masculinities in Victorian Painting. Aldershot, Hants: Scolar, 1995.

Lavishly illustrated, Kestner's volume examines the cultural construction of masculinity through an assessment of the male form in a variety of contexts, including social, historical, legal, literary, institutional, anthropological, educational, marital, imperial, and aesthetic venues. Kestner includes images from a range of Victorian artists, including Leighton, Waterhouse, Burne-Jones, Alma-Tadema, Dicksee, Pettie, Watts, Woodville, and Tuke, among others. Kestner identifies five paradigms of masculinity in his study: the classical hero, the gallant knight, the challenged paterfamilias, the valiant soldier, and the male nude. He also draws upon twentieth-century conceptions of race, the male gaze, and male sexuality in his theoretical approach to Victorian representations of masculinity.

Knight, Denise D., ed. The Diaries of Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Volume 2, 1890-1935. Charlottesville: UP of Virginia, 1994.

In this second and concluding volume of the diaries of Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Knight transcribes and annotates the diaries of the author and feminist from 1890 through her death in 1935. Previously available only on microfiche, Gilman's diaries document the struggles that mark her later life, including her final, troubled marriage, the loss of a close girlhood friend, her dilemmas with mental illness, and her tremendous efforts on behalf of the women's movement of her time. Knight features appendices devoted to unpublished personal writings by Gilman and her first husband, Walter Stetson.

-----, ed. The Later Poetry of Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Cranbury, N J: Associated UP, 1996.

Knight's volume assembles 167 of Charlotte Perkins Gilman's favorite works of verse, many of which are published here for the first time. In addition to providing readers with an introduction to the work of one of the most important intellectual leaders of the turn-of-the-century women's movement, Knight's edition features poems that illuminate Gilman's artistic approach to such subjects as the impracticality of women's clothing, nature, yellow journalism, and the evolution versus creation debate of her era. The selections of verse in Knight's volume also reveal Gilman's significant interest in addressing feminist concerns and promoting social change.

Lambert, Ellen Zetzel. The Face of Love: Feminism and the Beauty Question. Boston: Beacon, 1995.

Lambert examines the "beauty myth" and argues that women should free themselves from over-arching concerns about their physical appearances. Lambert suggests that the fact that many women still feel compelled to attend to the beauty myth underscores one of the lacunae in the success of the modern feminist movement. In addition to examining the depiction of the beauty myth in such works as George Eliot's Middlemarch, Lambert discusses Fanny Burney's narrative of the mastectomy that she underwent without anesthesia in 1811.

Lane, Christopher. The Ruling Passion: British Colonial Allegory and the Paradox of Homosexual Desire. Durham: Duke UP, 1995.

Lane examines the interconnections between British colonialism and male homosexuality in a variety of works by Kipling, Sassoon, James, Wilde, Conrad, Maugham, and Forster, among others. In addition to exploring the artistic dimensions of homosexuality in novels that impinge upon British imperialism, Lane discusses such issues as desire, warfare, and mourning in the literature of this era. Lane also attempts to map the growing body of literary and historical work on same-sex representation.

Lewes, Darby. Dream Revisionaries: Gender and Genre in Women's Utopian Fiction, 1870-1920. Tuscaloosa: U of Alabama P, 1995.

Lewes investigates the remarkable profusion of women's utopian fiction published between 1870 and 1920. Lewes explores the literary, social, and historical aspects of this dramatic moment in the evolution of women's utopian writing, while also discussing the manner in which these writers responded to the historical and nationalistic realities of Europe and America in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Lewes supplements her study with an appendix: "Women's Utopian Fiction, 1621-1920: A Chronological and Annotated Bibliography."

Lootens, Tricia. Lost Saints: Silence, Gender, and Victorian Literary Canonization. Charlottesville: UP of Virginia, 1996.

Lootens explores the ideological underpinnings of Victorian literary canonization and its often contradictory processes. Lootens argues, for example, that while such writers as Felicia Hemans, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, and Christina Rossetti have been accorded canonicity, it has negated their claims to be serious poets. Lootens contends that the glorification of nineteenth-century women poets came at the expense of censorship and critical neglect of their work. Lootens draws upon a wide range of sources in her study, including medieval studies and folklore; religious tracts and art histories; and nineteenth-century essays, conduct books, textbooks, and novels.

Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley. Romance Writings. Ed. Isobel Grundy. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996.

Grundy's volume assembles the romance writings of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. With the exception of a juvenile piece, the narratives in this collection have never been published before. The works in this edition reveal Montagu's affinity for experimentation, as well as an introduction to Montagu's approaches to cross-cultural relations, gender ideologies, and other literary debates of the early eighteenth century. The volume concludes with several appendices detailing fragmentary portions of Montagu's works.

Nord, Deborah Epstein. Walking the Victorian Streets: Women, Representation, and the City. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1995.

Nord traces instances of rambling in novels of the nineteenth century, particularly in the works of Charles Dickens and Elizabeth Gaskell. In addition to discussing the role of urban settings in the nineteenth-century novel, Nord examines the depiction of the "new woman" of the Victorian era in these fictions, while also exploring the place of motherhood and feminism in these works. Additionally, Nord investigates the moral conditions inherent in the nineteenth-century novel, particularly regarding prostitution and gender roles.

Orgel, Stephen. Impersonations: The Performance of Gender in Shakespeare's England. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996.

Orgel explores the manner in which boys were used to play female roles in Elizabethan drama, with particular emphasis upon the examination of Renaissance-era gender roles. In addition to addressing the place of women in the Elizabethan theatre, Orgel discusses the violation of gender boundaries inherent in Renaissance life. Orgel also investigates the ways in which cross-dressing affected to production of the plays of Shakespeare and his contemporaries.

Orr, Clarissa Cambell, ed. Wollstonecraft's Daughters: Womanhood in England and France, 1780-1920. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1996.

Selections include Orr's "Introduction: Cross-Channel Perspectives"; Pain Hirsch's "Mary Wollstonecraft: A Problematic Legacy"; Orr's "A Republican Answers Back: Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Albertine Necker de Saussure, and Forcing Little Girls to be Free"; Jane Rendall's "Writing History for British Women: Elizabeth Hamilton and the Memoirs of Agrippina"; K. D. Reynolds's "Politics Without Feminism: The Victorian Political Hostess"; Henrietta Twycorss-Martin's "Woman Supportive or Woman Manipulative? The Mrs. Ellis' Woman"; Maire Fedelma Cross's "Mary Wollstonecraft and Flora Tristan; One Pariah Redeems Another"; Hazel Mills's "'Saintes Soeurs' and Femmes Fortes': Alternative Accounts of the Route to Womanly Civic Virtue, and the History of French Feminism"; Marion Diamond's "Maria Rye: The Primrose Path"; Felicia Gordon's "Anthropological Analogies: Edith Sirecox and Madeleine Pelletier"; and James F. McMillan's "Wollstonecraft's Daughters, Marianne's Daughters, and the Daughters of Joan of Arc: Marie Maugeret and Christian Feminism in the French Belle Epoque."

-----, ed. Women in the Victorian Art WorM. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1995.

Selections include Orr's introduction; Jan Marsh's "Art, Ambition and Sisterhood in the 1850s"; Deborah Cherry's "Women Artists and the Politics of Feminism 1850-1900"; Lynne Walker's "Vistas of Pleasure: Women Consumers of Urban Space in the West End of London 1850-1900"; Orr's "The Corinne Complex: Gender, Genius and National Culture"; Pamela Gerrish Nunn's "Critically Speaking"; Ann Eatwell's "Private Pleasure Public Beneficence: Lady Charlotte Schreiber and Ceramic Collecting"; Francina Irwin's "Amusement or Instruction? Watercolour Manuals and the Woman Amateur"; Pain Hirscch's "Barbara Leigh Smith Bodichon, Artist and Activist"; and Sara M. Dodd's "Art Education for Women in the 1860s: A Decade of Debate."

Page, Judith W. Wordsworth and the Cultivation of Women. Berkeley: U of California P, 1994.

Page affords special attention to Wordsworth's poems of the "Great Decade" (1797-1807). While some critics argue that his verse exploit women and feminist perspectives, Page explores Wordsworth's poetry in terms of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century views of womanhood and culture. Page offers new interpretations of such works as "Tintern Abbey" in her study, while also reading Wordsworth's verse in terms of his relationships with the women in his life.

Plain, Gill. Women's Fiction of The Second Worm War: Gender, Power and Resistance. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 1996.

Plain explores the various responses of women writers to World War II, with particular emphasis upon the complex and contradictory frameworks within which women's wartime identities and roles are constructed. In addition to arguing that twentieth-century society identifies woman as a symbol of peace and domesticity, Plain suggests that during wartime woman functions as an abstract symbol of a nation under threat. Plain contends that during war the female body is used in propaganda as a virginal territory upon which the brutality of the enemy may be inscribed. Plain employs the works of Dorothy L. Sayers, Stevie Smith, Virginia Woolf, and Naomi Mitchison in this study of gendered responses to the Second World War.

Porter, Katherine Anne. Katherine Anne Porter's Poetry. Ed. Darlene Harbour Unrue. Columbia: U of South Carolina P, 1996.

Edited and introduced by Darlene Harbour Unrue, this volume assembles the complete poetic corpus of Katherine Anne Porter for the first time. Unrue includes 18 previously unpublished poems by Porter found amongst fragmentary notes and letters in the writer's papers. Unrue also features the entire text of the rare volume Katherine Anne Porter's French Song-Book. Unrue's substantial critical and biographical essay introducing the collection underscores Porter's contricution and place in twentieth-century American letters.

Reese, Judy S. Recasting Social Values in the Work of Virginia Woolf. Cranbury, N J: Associated UP, 1996.

Reese investigates Virginia Woolf's perspective of social values and morality during the devastating era of World War I and the looming threat of World War II. She also affords particular attention to Woolf's belief that art and literature provide human beings with the means for transcending the moral disaster of armed conflict and other human failures. Reese devotes special emphasis to Woolf's perspective as a woman who came into continual conflict with the patriarchal value system of her society.

Reynolds, Guy. Willa Cather in Context: Progress, Race, Empire. London: Macmillan, 1996.

Drawing upon such novels as O Pioneers! and My antonia, Reynolds provides a revisionist account of the life and work of Willa Cather, an author often read as an artist in retreat from her age and her society. Using a range of material from archives in the United States, Reynolds places Cather's life in a larger cultural context, arguing that her work is marked by her engagement with the culture of her era, rather than by her retreat from it. Reynolds accents his study with useful citations from the novelist's previously unpublished correspondence with social scientist Thorstein Veblen and literary critic Van Wyck Brooks.

Ribeiro, Alvaro, and James G. Basker, eds. Tradition in Transition: Women Writers, Marginal Texts, and the Eighteenth-Century Canon. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996.

Selections include Carolyn D. Williams's "Poetry, Pudding, and Epictetus: The Consistency of Elizabeth Carter"; Ribeiro's "The Chit-Chat Way': The Letters of Mrs. Thrale and Dr. Burney"; Basker's "Radical Affinities: Mary Wollstonecraft and Samuel Johnson"; April London's "Jane West and the Politics of Reading"; Marilyn Butler's "Edgeworth's Stern Father: Escaping Thomas Day, 1795-1801"; Katherine A. Armstrong's "'I was a kind of an Historian': The Productions of History in Defoe's Colonel Jack"; Shirshendu Chakrabarti's "Master and Servant: Social Mobility and the Ironic Exchange of Roles in Swifts Directions to Servants"; Inn McGowan's "Boswell at Work: The Revision and Publication of The Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides"; Katherine S. H. Turner's "At the Boundaries of Fiction: Samuel Paterson's Another Traveller!"; Nicholas Hudson's "'Oral Tradition': The Evolution of an Eighteenth-Century Concept"; Richard Wendorf's "Sir Joshua's French Revolution"; K. A. Reimann's "'Great as he is in his own good opinion': The Bounty Mutiny and Lieutenant Bligh's Construction of Self"; Christine Gerrard's "Parnell, Pope, and Pastoral"; Anthony D. Barker's "Poetry From the Provinces: Amateur Poets in the Gentleman's Magazine in the 1730s and 1740s"; Paul Williamson's "William Collins and the Idea of Liberty"; Nick Groom's "Celts, Goths, and the Nature of the Literary Source"; Michael F. Suarez, SJ's "Trafficking in the Muse: Dodsley's Collection of Poems and the Question of Canon"; and David Fairer's "'Sweet native stream!': Wordsworth and the School of Warton."

Rosello, Mireille. Infiltrating Culture: Power and Identity in Contemporary Women's Writing. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1996.

Rosello investigates the role of infiltration in a wide range of works by contemporary women writers, including Donna Haraway and Michel Serres, among others. Rosello argues that the figures of infiltration that mark contemporary women's literature function as ambivalent creatures who penetrate closed territories in order to expose the fantasy upon which power relations are founded. In addition to her critique of power, Rosello explodes the notion of binary opposition and embraces the possibilities of multiculturalism through her readings of the work of contemporary women writers.

Schroeder, Patricia R. The Feminist Possibilities of Dramatic Realism. Cranbury, NJ: Associated UP, 1996.

Schroeder challenges the prevailing feminist assertion that stage realism remains incompatible with feminist theater practice. In addition to providing an introduction to the feminist critique of theatrical realism, Schroeder explores the nature of the feminist rejection of this dramatic genre, while also providing counter-arguments that explain its usefulness to contemporary feminist playwrights. Schroeder supplements her study with a wide-ranging analysis of the achievements of twentieth-century women dramatists, including Rachel Crothers, Zona Gale, Clare Boothe, Angelina Weld Grimke, Shirley Graham, Alice Childress, Marsha Norman, and Wendy Kesselman, among others.

Skandera-Trombley, Laura E. Mark Twain in the Company of Women. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 1994.

Skandera-Trombley's scholarly biography of Mark Twain contends that the writer intentionally surrounded himself with women. Skandera-Trombley further argues that women helped Twain define his personal and literary boundaries. In addition to providing models for his characters, helping him edit his books, and shaping the nature of his life, Skandera-Trombley suggests that the women in Twain's life particularly his wife Olivia and his three daughters, Susy, Clara, and Jean shared in the production of the novelist's greatest works, especially the Adventures of Huckleberry. Finn.

Skeggs, Beverley, ed. Feminist Cultural Theory: Process and Production. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1995.

Selections include Skeggs's introduction; Celia Lury's "The Rights and Wrongs of Culture: Issues of Theory and Methodology"; Kathleen Rowe's "Studying Roseanne"; Janet Thumim's "Common Knowledge: The Nature' of Historical Evidence"; Lynne Pearce's "Finding a Place From Which to Write: The Methodology of Feminist Textual Practice"; Jackie Stacey's "The Lost Audience: Methodology, Cinema History and Feminist Film Criticism"; Alison Young's "Writing Femininity in Dissent"; Ellen Seiter's "Mothers Watching Children Watching Television"; Ann Gray's "I Want to Tell You a Story: The Narratives of Video Playtime"; Julia Hallam and Margaret Marshment's "Questioning the Ordinary' Woman: Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit, Text and Viewer"; Skeggs's "Theorising, Ethics and Representation in Feminist Ethnography"; and Pat Kirkham's "The Personal, the Professional and the Partner(ship): The Husband/Wife Collaboration of Charles and Ray Eames."

Small, Helen. Love's Madness: Medicine, the Novel, and Female Insanity, 1800-1865. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996.

Small reassesses the ways in which British medical writers and novelists of the nineteenth century thought about madness, femininity, and the nature of prevailing narrative conventions. Using novels by Jane Austen, Sir Walter Scott, Wilkie Collins, Charlotte Bronte, and Charles Dickens, among others, Small explores the popularity of fictions that depict female characters in the act of going mad. In addition to providing new readings of works by Charles Maturin. Lady Caroline Lamb, and Edward Bulwer-Lytton, Small contextualizes her study with useful historical asides from the previously overlooked archives of nineteenth-century British medicine.

Smith, Lesley J., and Jane H. M. Taylor, eds. Women, the Book and the Worldly: Selected Proceedings of the St. Hilda's Confence, 1993. Vol. 2. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 1995.

Selections include Patricia Skinner's "Women, Literacy and Invisibility in Southern Italy, 900-1200"; Philip E. Bennett's "Female Readers in Froissart: Implied, Fictive and Other"; Jennifer R. Goodman's "'That wommen holde in ful greet reverence': Mothers and Daughters Reading Chivalric Romances"; Charity Cannon Willard's "Pilfering Vegetius? Christine de Pizan's Faits d' Armes et de Chevalerie"; Benjamin Semple's "The Consolation of a Woman Writer: Christine de Pizan's Use of Boethius in Lavision-Christine"; Anne Birrell's "In the Voice of Women: Chinese Love Poetry in the Early Middle Ages"; Jeanette Beer's "Women, Authority and the Book in the Middle Ages"; Mark Balfour's "Francesca da Rimini and Dante's Women Readers"; Beverly Kennedy's "The Variant Passages in the Wife of Bath's Prologue and the Textual Transmission of The Canterbury Tales: The Great Tradition' Revisited"; Carol J. Harvey's "Philippe de Remi's Manekine: Joie and Pain"; Heather Arden's "Women as Readers, Women as Text in the Roman de la Rose"; Karen K. Jambeck's "Reclaiming the Woman in the Book: Marie de France and the Fables"; Julia Boffey's "Lydgate's Lyrics and Women Readers": Jennifer Summit's "William Caxton, Margaret Beaufort and the Romance of Female Patronage"; and Margarita Stocker's "Apocryphal Entries: Judith and the Politics of Caxton's Golden Legend."

Stevenson, Warren. Romanticism and the Androgynous Sublime. Cranbury, NJ: Associated UP, 1996.

Stevenson examines the emergence during the English Romantic era of the "androgynous sublime," a literary mode that conflates the motif of psychic androgyny with the mode of sublimity, originally espoused by Longinus and debated from the eighteenth century onward. Stevenson devotes particular attention to illuminating the androgynous sublime in the works of Blake, Coleridge, Shelley, and Byron in his study. Stevenson also presents a "counter-deconstructive" reading of the works of the writers included in his volume.

Summers, Claude J., ed. The Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage: A Reader's Companion to the Writers and Their Works, From Antiquity to the Present. New York: Holt, 1995.

Summers's anthology provides introductory overviews of the gay and lesbian presence in a wide range of literatures and historical periods, as well as more than 350 essays on gay and lesbian writers of the world literary tradition. Summers's volume provides insight into the terminology often associated with the genre, while also discussing the literary representation of homosexuality throughout the years. Each entry concludes with a bibliography that emphasizes the dearth of available secondary material devoted to gay and lesbian studies.

Thompson, Nicola Diane. Reviewing Sex: Gender and the Reception of Victorian Novels. London: Macmillan, 1996.

Thompson explores the popular and critical reception of four Victorian novels: Charles Reade's It Is Never too Late to Mend, Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights, Anthony Trollope's Barchester Towers, and Charlotte Yonge's The Heir of Redclyffe. Thompson draws upon an examination of over 100 nineteenth-century reviews of the novels published between 1847 and 1857, arguing that a double standard existed in Victorian literary criticism regarding the treatment of male and female writers in the popular press.

Todd, Janet, ed. Aphra Behn Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996.

Selections include Todd's introduction; Susan J. Owen's "Sexual Politics and Party Politics in Behn's Drama, 1678-83"; Alison Shell's "Popish Plots: The Feign'd Curtizans in Context"; Ros Ballaster's "Fiction Feigning Femininity: False Counts and Pageant Kings in Aphra Behn's Popish Plot Writings"; Dawn Lewcock's "More For Seeing Than Hearing: Behn and the Use of Theatre"; Jane Spencer's "The Rover and the Eighteenth Century"; Paul Salzman's "Aphra Behn: Poetry and Masquerade"; Viriginia Crompton's "'For When the Act is Done and Finish't Cleane,/What Should the Poet Doe, But Shift the Scene?': Propaganda, Professionalism and Aphra Bern"; Elizabeth Spearing's "Aphra Behn: The Politics of Translation"; Jessica Munns's "'But to the touch were soft': Pleasure, Power, and Impotence in 'The Disappointment' and 'The Golden Age'"; Todd's "Who is Silvia? What is She? Feminine Identity in Aphra Behn's Love-Letters Between a Nobleman and His Sister"; Jacqueline Pearson's "'Slave princes and lady monsters': Gender and Ethnic Difference in the Work of Aphra Behn"; Catherine Gallagher's "Oroonoko's Blackness"; Joanna Lipking's "Confusing Matters: Searching the Backgrounds of Oroonoko"; Mary Ann O'Donnell's "Private Jottings, Public Utterances: Aphra Behn's Published Writings and Her Commonplace Book"; and Jane Jones's "New Light on the Background and Early Life of Aphra Bern."

Wall, Cheryl A. Women of the Harlem Renaissance. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1995.

Wall discusses the lives and works of the women writers of the Harlem Renaissance, affording particular attention to Jessie Redmon Fauset, Nella Larsen, and Zora Neale Hurston. Wall traces the history of the movement, while also contextualizing each author's works and their reception. Wall's volume features a foreword by Sandra M. Gilbert and Suan Gubar, and concludes with a "Selected Bibliography of Writings by Women of the Harlem Renaissance."

Waller, Gary. The Sidney Family Romance: Mary Wroth, William Herbert, and the Early Modern Construction of Gender. Detroit: Wayne State UP, 1993.

Waller explores the construction of gender in the early modern era through his innovative reading of the sexual and textual relationship of Mary Wroth and William Herbert. Using their letters and literary texts, Waller exposes each writer's appropriation of gender in his or her writings, noting that Wroth's work projects a desire for the kind of personal autonomy that would lead to mutuality between the sexes. Waller contextualizes his study of their relationship through his analysis of contemporary historical and psychological documents.

Westling, Louise H. The Green Breast of the New World: Landscape, Gender, and American Fiction. Athens: U of Georgia P, 1996.

Westling investigates the symbolic landscape of American fiction in an effort to determine the traditional constructions of gender in American literary history. In addition to considering the terrain of twentieth-century American literature, Westling explores the archaic Mediterranean/Mesopotamian traditions that framed European and American configurations of humanity and gender. She also examines works by Willa Cather, Ernest Hemingway, William Faulkner, and Eudora Welty, among others.

Wilson, Emma. Sexuality and the Reading Encounter: Identity and Desire in Proust, Dura, Tournier, and Cixous. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996.

Wilson provides a provocative new account of the intimate relations between reading, identity, and identification. Using texts by Proust, Duras, Tournier. and Cixous, Wilson's study demonstrates the formative potential and transferential pleasures of the reading experience. In addition to exploring the narratological interconnections between homosexuality and heterosexuality, Wilson discusses the interdependence of identity and fantasy in her analysis of the literary constructions of sexual identity.

Wright, Terence. Elizabeth Gaskell We are not angels': Realism, Gender, Values. London: Macmillan, 1995.

Wright investigates the textual representation of gender and social values in the fictions of Elizabeth Gaskell. In addition to discussing the novelist's usage of romance, social comedy, the supernatural, and the tragedy of misalliance in her works, Wright examines Gaskell's depiction of gender in a society that categorized women as angels, witches, and martyrs. Wright also explores Gaskell's configuration of the language and value systems of her female characters, affording special attention to the power of words in relations between the sexes.

(6) Psychoanalytic Criticism

Blank, G. Kim. Wordsworth and Feeling: The Poetry of an Adult Child. Cranbury, NJ: Associated UP, 1995.

Blank draws upon the psychological history of Wordsworth in an effort to contextualize his verse within the private spheres of his existence. Blank offers close readings of Wordsworth's poetry in terms of the poet's own radical subjectivity. In the process, Blank reveals Wordsworth's obsessions with loss, guilt, suffering, endurance, and death in his poetry written between 1802 and 1804. Blank argues that, as Wordsworth matures as a man and as a poet, his verse begins to reflect the growing qualities of his inner life as he communicates the traumas of his childhood through the radical subjectivity of his poetry.

Bracher, Mark, Marshall W. Alcorn, Jr., Ronald J. Corthell, and Francoise Massardier-Kenney, eds. Lacanian Theory of Discourse: Subject, Structure, and Society. New York: New York UP, 1994.

Selections include: Bracher's introduction; Alcorn's "The Subject of Discourse: Reading Lacan through (and beyond) Poststructuralist Contexts": Slavoj Zizek's "A Hair of the Dog That Bit You"; Jacques-Alain Miller's "Extimite"; Serge Andre's "Otherness of the Body"; Bracher's "On the Psychological and Social Functions of Language: Lacan's Theory of the Four Discourses"; Julien Quackelbeen et al's "Hysterical Discourse: Between the Belief in Man and the Cult of Woman"; Alexandre Stevens, Christian Vereecken, et al's "Discourse Structure and Subject Structure in Neurosis"; Alicia Arenas et al's "The Other in Hysteria and Obsession"; Nestor A. Braunstein's "Con-jugating and Playing-with the Fantasy: The Utterances of the Analyst"; Renata Salecl's "Deference to the Great Other: The Discourse of Education"; Luz Casenave et al's "I Don't Know What Happened': Political Oppression and Psychological Structure"; Miguel Bassols, German L. Garcia, et al's "On Blasphemy: Religion and Psychological Structure"; and Willy Apollon's "The Discourse of Gangs in the Stake of Male Repression with Narcissism."

Brink, Andrew. Obsession and Culture: A Study of Sexual Obsession in Modern Fiction. Cranbury, NJ: Associated UP, 1996.

Brink argues that male sexual obsessions are the driving force of culture as exemplified in twentieth-century novels by H. G. Wells, Hermann Hesse, Vladimir Nabokov, John Fowles, and John Updike. He also suggests that these novelists speak for male psycho-class that thrives on its obsessive sexual fantasies of control over women. Brink concludes that a kind of moral ambiguity emerges in these fictions, prompted by their author's simultaneous feelings of desire and guilt as a result of their rage for exploitative sexuality.

Broaddus, James W. Spenser's Allegory of Love: Social Vision in Books III, IV, and V of The Faerie Queene. Cranbury, NJ: Associated UP, 1995.

Broaddus identifies fictional personages in Spenser's verse epic who function psychically according to the tenets of Renaissance sexual psychology and physiology. Broaddus argues that the notion of love in Spenser's allegory operates as an inclusive but sublunary Renaissance sense that encompasses chaste sexual and virginal love, friendship, and justice. Broaddus's study concludes that Spenser, as exemplified by The Faerie Queene, believed that the health of the commonwealth depended upon the sexual health, psychic as well as physical, of the nation's individuals.

Burwick, Frederick. Poetic Madness and the Romantic Imagination. University Park: Pennsylvania State UP, 1996.

Burwick explores the concept of furor poeticus, the notion that poets, at least in the moment of creation, are literally "out of their senses." In addition to exploring the concept's latter eighteenth-century origins, Burwick addresses the nexus between poetic madness and critical theory, the thematization of the mad poet in literature, and the reception of mad poets in general. Burwick offers close readings of works by Goethe, Byron, Shelley, Peacock, Hazlitt, and Blake, among others.

Caramello, Charles. Henry James, Gertrude Stein, and the Biographical Act. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 1996.

Caramello argues that Henry James and Gertrude Stein engaged in biography as a means for covertly postulating their own autobiographical texts. Drawing upon such diverse texts as James's early biography of Nathaniel Hawthorne and Stein's Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, Caramello contends that the writers constructed literary genealogies while creating original literary forms. Caramello examines the biographical pursuits of James and Stein as artists, as developers of modernist portraiture, and as exemplars of an ideal history of modernism.

Chaitin, Gilbert D. Rhetoric and Culture in Lacan. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996.

Chaitin explores Lacan's theory of poetry and its realtion to his understanding of the subject and the notion of historicity. Chaitin discusses Lacan's concepts of mythos and logos, poetics, and philosophy, while also examining the role of literature in the creation of selfhood. Drawing upon the insights of Saussure, Jakobson, Freud, Heidegger, and Hegel, Chaitin identifies the ambiguities and contradictions of Lacan's influential work, in addition to providing an account of Lacan's theoretical development across his entire career.

Collings, David. Wordsworthian Errancies: The Poetics of Cultural Dismemberment. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1994.

Collings suggests that Wordsworth read the outbreak of war in England and France during the 1790s as a cataclysmic event whose effect the poet would trace in his verse well into the nineteenth century. Collings argues that Wordsworth created a poetics of cultural dismemberment both as a response to the events of the 1790s, as well as a means for imagining a culture's survival in the midst of its own destruction. Drawing upon the insights of psychoanalysis, Marxism, feminism, and queer theory, Collings argues that in The Prelude Wordsworth associated his poetic power with homoerotic masochistic fantasies and with his involuntary delight with traumatic events.

Cox, Philip. Gender, Genre, and the Romantic Poets: An Introduction. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1996.

Cox employs divergent conceptions of selfhood in his assessments of the poetry of Coleridge, Wordsworth, Keats, Byron, and Shelley. In addition to exploring their perceptions of genre and gender, Cox explores the psychological construction of the self in their verse. Cox examines the notion of Romanticism, while also impinging upon such issues as performance theory, pastoral drama, and the politics of difference in his study.

Dumm, Thomas L. Michel Foucault and the Politics of Freedom. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1996.

Dumm explores Michel Foucault's passionate conceptions of freedom, emancipation, liberation, and power in this provocative analysis of one of this century's most celebrated thinkers. Dumm affords particular emphasis to Foucault's psychological dimensions of space, discipline, and freedom, and the ways in which these concepts engender one another in contradictory and ambiguous world of change and contingencies.

Ender, Evelyne. Sexing the Mind: Nineteenth. Century Fictions of Hysteria. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1995.

Using the writings of Sigmund Freud, Ender examines scenes of hysteria in the fictions of George Sand, Gustave Flaubert, George Eliot, and Henry James. Ender argues that these texts represent distinctive attempts to break loose from erotic, political, and epistemological models of Victorian masculinity and femininity. Drawing upon conceptions of hysteria in various medical and literary texts, Ender discusses the interplay between writing, subjectivity, and sexual identity in nineteenth-century fictions of male/female consciousness.

Fink, Bruce. The Lacanian Subject: Between Language and Jouissance. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1995.

Fink discusses the radical theory of subjectivity as espoused by Jacques Lacan, in addition to exploring a range of concepts from Lacanian theory, including the Other and notions of alienation, separation, and jouissance. Drawing upon his own training at Lacan's school in Paris, Fink offers analyses of Lacan's clinical and theoretical work, while also mapping the theory and practice of Lacanian psychoanalysis. Fink supplements his study with a useful "Glossary of Lacanian Symbols."

Froula, Christine. Modernism's Body: Sex, Culture, and Joyce. New York: Columbia UP, 1996.

Froula frames Joyce's portraits of the self in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, Ulysses, and Finnegans Wake against a psychodynamic background in her analysis of the novelist's critique of Irish culture. Froula argues that Joyce employs his personal conceptions of suffering, transgression, symptom, masquerade, parody, and creativity in a complex program to excavate his culture. Drawing upon the theories of Freud and Lacan, Froula suggests that Joyce uses his modernist conceptions of these elements as a means for examining the psychodynamics of individual and collective desire.

Glasgow, R. D. V. Madness, Masks, and Laughter: An Essay on Comedy. Cranbury, NJ: Associated UP, 1995.

Drawing upon a range of theories of comedy and laughter including those theories espoused by Hobbes, Kant, Hegel, Schopenhauer, Bergson, Freud, and Bakhtin Glasgow explores narrative and dramatic comedy as laughter-inducing phenomena. Glasgow focuses on traditional comic masks and the pleasures of reception and recognition. Glasgow also examines the comedy of imposture, disguise, and deception, as well as dramatic and verbal irony, social and theatrical role-playing, and the comic possibilities of plays-within-plays and metatheatre.

Gliserman, Martin. Psychoanalysis, Language, and the Body of the Text. Gainesville: UP of Florida, 1996.

Gliserman examines the growing field of "body studies," those critical works that explore the relationship between corporeal experience and the mind. Drawing upon the insights of psychological literary criticism and the semiotics of gender studies, Gliserman focuses on the ways in which the body emerges in novels by Daniel Defoe, Charlotte Bronte, Virginia Woolf, and David Bradley. In each novel. Gliserman reveals a primitive body fraught with desire that is distorted by fear, pain, and conflict.

Knapp, John V. Striking at the Joints: Contemporary Psychology and Literary Criticism. Lanham, MD: UP of America, 1996.

In this work of psychological literary criticism, Knapp challenges readers to resist the theoretical hegemony of Freud and Lacan to embrace instead the psychological methodologies of contemporary clinical and experimental psychologists. Drawing upon a diversity of works by D. H. Lawrence, Henry Roth, John Steinbeck, Robert M. Pirsig, George Orwell, and John Fowles, Knapp explores the powerful application of family systems psychotherapy to literary works. In a concluding chapter, "Teaching Literature and Psychology in an Interdisciplinary Context," Knapp identifies the pedagogic possibilities of family systems and its potential and valuable application to an array of texts by writers from Shakespeare and Tolstoy to Joyce and Yeats.

Murray, Peter B. Shakespeare's Imagined Persons: The Psychology of Role-Playing and Acting. London: Macmillan, 1996.

In an effort to trace the psychology of the Elizabethan era, Murray employs the theoretical insights of B. F. Skinner in a provocative new reading of the characters in seminal dramatic works by Shakespeare. Murray argues for a consistency of radical behavioralism with the psychology of character formation in such literary stalwarts as Hamlet, Prince Hal, and Rosalind. Murray also demonstrates the ways in which Skinner's radical behavioralism can explain the components of modern studies of acting and social role-playing.

O'Keefe, Richard R. Mythic Archetypes in Ralph Waldo Emerson: A Blakean Reading. Kent, OH: Kent State UP, 1995.

O'Keefe explores Emerson's use of myth and archetype in his essays and poetry. Drawing upon the Christian myth and Transcendental theory, O'Keefe discusses the ways in which archetype and myth provide the foundation for Emerson's literary voice. O'Keefe further argues that Emerson's writings function as an American version of Blake's fourfold myth of Creation, Fall, Redemption, and Apocalypse.

Pettigrew, David, and Francois Raffoul, eds. Disseminating Lacan. Albany: State U of New York P, 1996.

Selections include Juan-David Nasio's "The Concept of the Subject of the Unconscious"; Babette Babich's "The Order of the Real: Nietzsche and Lacan"; James Phillips's "Lacan and Merleau-Ponty: The Confrontation of Pscyhoanalysis and Phenomenology"; Joel Dor's "The Epistemological Status of Lacan's Mathematical Paradigms"; Stephen Michelman's "Sociology before Linguistics: Lacan's Debt to Durkheim"; Judith Feher Gurewich's "Toward a New Alliance between Psychoanalysis and Social Theory"; William Richardson's "The Third Generation of Desire"; Pettigrew's "Lacan: The Poetic Unconscious"; Thomas Brockelman's "Lacan and Modernism: Representation and Its Vicissitudes"; Moustapha Safouan's "Sexuality in Neurosis and Psychosis: Two Letters from Freud to Jung"; Cora Monroe's "Jocelyn, A Story of the Soul"; Debra Bergoffen's "Queering the Phallus"; Mikkel Borch-Jacobsen's "The Oedipus Problem in Freud and Lacan"; Wilfried Vet Eecke's "Lacan and Schatzman: 'Reflections on the Concept of Paternal Metaphor'"; Richard Boothby's "The Psychical Meaning of Life and Death: Reflections on the Lacanian Imaginary, Symbolic, and Real"; and John Muller's "Semiotic Correlate of Psychotic States."

Renker, Elizabeth. Strike Through the Mask: Herman Melville and the Scene of Writing. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1996.

Renker examines the agonized writing experiences of Herman Melville and the manner in which these experiences inflicted his friends and associates with great anguish as well. She also argues that Melville's textual frustration evinces itself through his illegible handwriting, chronically bad spelling, and violent manipulations of text. Renker suggests that the author's struggles with writer's block and depression provided the most important sources for the drama and power inherent in Melville's fictions.

Silberman, Lauren. Transforming Desire: Erotic Knowledge in Books III and IV of The Faerie Queene. Berkeley: U of California P, 1995.

Silberman explores the role of desire in the third and fourth books of Spenser's verse epic, affording particular attention to questions of epistemological uncertainty and the roles of ideas and ideals in the uncertain world of The Faerie Queene. Silberman argues that Spenser unleashes a powerful critical intelligence regarding the sexual ideology of his time. Drawing upon the insights of contemporary psychological and critical theory, Silberman examines desire as a human attempt to control uncertainty and master an alien world.

Stoltzfus, Ben. Lacan and Literature: Purloined Pretexts. Albany: State U of New York P, 1996.

Stoltzfus draws upon Lacanian psychoanalytic theory in order to reveal the relationship between literature, reading, and the unconscious. Using texts by D. H. Lawrence, Ernest Hemingway, Albert Camus, Roland Barthes, and Alain Robbe-Grillet, Stoltzfus demonstrates the manner in which Freud's theories of condensation and displacement in dreams match Lacan's use of metaphor and metonymy in language. Stoltzfus argues that Freud's and Lacan's theories are unified through the theme of the unconscious in the voice of the Other disguised in figurative language.

Walton, Priscilla L. Patriarchal Desire and Victorian Discourse: A Lacanian Reading of Anthony Trollope's Palliser Novels. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1995.

Drawing upon the insights of contemporary critical theory and psychology, Walton explores the images of patriarchal desire and masculinist discourse in the Palliser novels of Anthony Trollope. In addition to linking feminist analysis with psychoanalytic theory, Walton examines Trollope's writings in terms of the implication of the hierarchical structures of Victorian culture. Using the six volumes of the Palliser novels, Walton focuses on the psychological portrayal of women in Trollope's texts.

(7) Cultural and Historical Criticism

Alliston, April. Virtue's Faults: Correspondence in Eighteenth-Century British and French Women's Fiction. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1996.

Alliston discusses fiction written by women of the eighteenth century in an effort to reveal the ways in which authors of this era resisted patrilineal models of relationships, particularly those regarding the woman's place in the family and the domestic sphere. She also argues that an understanding of the epistolary nature of fiction from Lafayette through Austen demonstrates the interconnections between French and English women's works of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Alliston recontextualizes more than 100 works of previously neglected women's fiction from this era.

Bell-Villada, Gene H. Art for Art's Sake and Literary Life: How Politics and Markets Helped Shape the Ideology and Culture of Aestheticism, 1790-1990. Lincoln: U of Nebraska P, 1996.

Bell-Villada explores the divergent representations of beauty as an aesthetic phenomenon in the works of Shaftesbury, Kant, and Schiller in an effort to describe the origins and cultural ideology of the "art for art's sake" movement of the late nineteenth century. Additionally, Bell-Villada discusses the role of the culture of aestheticism in the present-day institutionalization of literature in academic circles. Bell-Villada provides close readings of the works of a wide range of European, North American, and Latin American writers in his study of the ideology and culture of aestheticism.

Biow, Douglas. Mirabile Dictu: Representations of the Marvelous in Medieval and Renaissance Epic. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1996.

Biow traces the development of the marvelous in the works of Virgil, Dante, Boccaccio, Ariosto, Tasso, and Spenser. Drawing upon the literature of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance as well as recent insights in literary and critical theory, Blow examines the marvelous as the product of historically and culturally determined representational practices. Blow clarifies the concept of the marvelous, while also providing readers with a framework for approaching this early literary genre.

Bloom, Clive, and Brian Docherty, eds. American Poetry: The Modernist Ideal. New York: St. Martin's, 1995.

Selections include Bloom's introduction; David Seed on H.D. (Hilda Doolittle); Ian F. A. Bell on Ezra Pound; Gregory Woods on Hart Crane; Alistair Wisker on William Carlos Williams; Pat Righelato on Wallace Stevens; Thomas Evans on Kenneth Rexroth; Lorrayne Carroll on Marianne Moore; Brian Docherty on e. e. cummings; Richard Bradbury on Objectivism; Eric Mottram on Frank O'Hara; Gavin Selerie on Charles Olson; Docherty on Allen Ginsberg; Geoff Ward on Edward Dorn; Wisker on Robert Creeley; and Nancy K. Gish on Denise Levertoy.

Booth, Michael R., and Joel H. Kaplan, eds. The Edwardian Theatre: Essays on Performance and the Stage. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996.

Selections include Kaplan's introduction; Joseph Donohue's "What is the Edwardian Theatre?"; Peter Bailey's "'Naughty but nice': Musical Comedy and the Rhetoric of the Girl, 1892-1914"; Dave Russell's "Varieties of Life: The Making of the Edwardian Music Hall"; Tracy C. Davis's "Edwardian Management and the Structures of Industrial Capitalism"; Dennis Kennedy's "The New Drama and the New Audience"; Victor Emeljanow's 'Towards and Ideal Spectator: Theatregoing and the Edwardian Critic"; Sheila Stowell's "Suffrage Critics and Political Action: A Feminist Agenda"; John Stokes's '"A woman of genius': Rebecca West at the Theatre"; Jim Davis's "The East End"; and David Mayer's "Changing Horses in Mid-Ocean: The Whip in Britain and America."

Brewer, Derek, ed. Medieval Comic Tales. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1996.

Brewer's volume assembles a wide range of medieval comic tales once circulated throughout Europe. The tales in this collection from France, Spain, Holland, Germany, Italy, and England influenced such writers as Boccaccio, Chaucer, Rabelais, and Cervantes. Of tremendous cultural and historical significance, these tales feature humor, farce, ribaldry, sexual puns, and sophisticated literary parody, among other narrative constructs.

Carroll, William C. Fat King, Lean Beggar: Representations of Poverty in the Age of Shakespeare. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1996.

Carroll focuses on representations of poverty in Tudor-Stuart England through his analyses of the works of poets, pamphleteers, government functionaries, and dramatists of the period. Carroll argues that the depiction of beggars and vagabonds in the literature of this era served a wide range of aesthetic, political, and socio-economic purposes. In addition to his broad survey of Renaissance constructions of poverty, Carroll examines the continual linkage in these works of the beggar with his hierarchical inversion, the king.

Castle, Kathryn. Britannia's Children: Reading Colonialism through Children's Books and Magazines. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1996.

Castle examines the socialization of and young and the source of racial perceptions in a range of materials produced for young people in twentieth-century England. She also affords special attention to addressing the depictions of imperialism and the narrative representations the Indian, African, and Chinese in these works. Castle also explores representations of imperialism in British textbooks and popular periodicals.

Chakravorty, Swapan. Society and Politics in the Plays of Thomas Middleton. Oxford: Clarendon, 1996.

Chakravorty reassesses the social and historical significance of the plays of Thomas Middleton. In addition to exploring the playwright's aesthetic assumptions regarding sex, morality, society, and politics in late feudal culture, Chakravorty contextualizes Middleton's plays in within the social, political, and cultural concerns of his era. Chakravorty provides close readings of Middleton's dramatic works, arguing the playwright was a pioneer of politically self-conscious theatre.

Chinetier, Marc. Beyond Suspicion: New American Fiction since 1960. Trans. Elizabeth A. Houlding. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 1996.

Chenetier traces the development of American fiction from the 1960s through the present. Chenetier focuses primarily on the works of Gaddis, Pynchon, Elkin, McElroy, Hawkes, Nabokov, Gass, Barth, and Coover, arguing that traditional approaches to their novels are misleading. Additionally, Chenetier resists interpreting these works in terms of their authors' region, race, or gender. Chenetier suggests reading their texts in terms of their artistic and epistemological viewpoints instead.

Childers, Joseph W. Novel Possibilities: Fiction and the Formation of Early Victorian Culture. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 1995.

Childers investigates the role of the social-problem novel of the 1840s in the interpretation and shaping of the literature and culture of the early Victorian era. He also focuses on novels by Benjamin Disraeli, Elizabeth Gaskell, and Charles Kingsley, while also discussing the social and political treatises of Edwin Chadwick, Robert Peel, and T. B. Macaulay. Childers draws upon a range of political memoirs, parliamentary speeches, historical essays, and governmental reports in his analysis of the interconnections between the pre-Victorian novel and the political and social reforms of that era.

Cole, Douglas. Christopher Marlowe and the Renaissance of Tragedy. Westport: Greenwood, 1995,

Cole offers a performance study of the plays of Marlowe, in addition to addressing the playwright's central role in the evolution of Renaissance tragedy. In addition to providing a new perspective on the theatrical trends of Marlowe's era, Cole discusses the classical and Machiavellian elements inherent in the playwright's dramatic corpus. Cole also assesses Marlowe's theatrical legacy, as well as his influence upon Renaissance and post-Renaissance conceptions of tragedy.

Cook, Patrick J. Milton, Spenser, and the Epic Tradition. Aldershot, Hants: Scolar, 1996.

Cook traces the evolution of the epic tradition through close readings of works by Homer, Milton, and Spenser. Cook argues that each work is filled with discursive tension, conflict, and indeterminacy. In addition to examining the manner in which each writer enhanced the tradition for the successors, Cook discusses the epic's core generic elements and examines the influence of the epic tradition upon a range of later English poets.

Coursen, H. R. Shakespeare in Production: Whose History? Athens: Ohio UP, 1996.

Coursen employs a new historicist approach in his examination of several productions of Shakespeare's plays, including the 1936 film of Romeo and Juliet; the opening sequences of several film versions of Hamlet; a television production of The Comedy of Errors; and Kenneth Branagh's film production of Much Ado about Nothing, among others. Coursen contextualizes each production within its respective historical and cultural era. In addition to reading each production as the product of the anxieties and energies of a particular historical moment, Coursen explores the interconnections between the criticism of these productions and their popular reception.

Craig, Cairns. Out of History: Narrative Paradigms in Scottish and English Culture. Edinburgh: Polygon, 1996.

Craig investigates the relationship between Scottish culture and the historical evolution of ideas in Western culture from the Enlightenment through postmodernism. Additionally, Craig uses in particular upon works by Sir Walter Scott, Alasdair Gray, and James Kelman, among others. Craig argues that Scotland's traditional literary and critical representation underscores its function as a model of the complexities of cultural identity in the modern world.

Davison, Nell R. James Joyce, Ulysses, and the Construction of Jewish Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996.

Davison discusses Joyce's depiction of Judaism in Ulysses, arguing that the novelist's encounters with pseudo-scientific, religious, and political discourse informed his conception of Jewishness in his fictions. He also demonstrates the ways in which Joyce drew upon such materials as Christian folklore, Dreyfus Affair propaganda, Sinn Fein politics, and theories of Jewish sexual perversion and financial conspiracy. Davison also confronts Joyce's approaches to notions of race and anti-Semitism in his works.

de Gategno, Paul J. Ivanhoe: The Mask of Chivalry. New York: Twayne, 1994.

de Gategno offers a close reading of Sir Walter Scott's Ivanhoe, with particular emphasis upon the volume's place as one of the earliest historical novels in the English language. Additionally, de Gategno affords special attention to contextualizing the novel in its historical and cultural present, in addition to providing useful biographical and literary information regarding Scott's life and work. de Gategno also discusses the novel as a source of creative inspiration for numerous plays, paintings, and operas.

Dixon, Robert. Writing the Colonial Adventure: Race, Gender and Nation in Anglo. Australian Popular Fiction, 1875-1914. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1995.

Dixon traces a series of popular late nineteenth-century texts that depicted Australia, Africa, India, and the Pacific Islands as sites of imperial adventure. Using works by Sir Walter Scott, Robert Louis Stevenson, H. Rider Haggard, Rolf Boldrewood, Rosa Praed, and Louis Becke, Dixon examines the construction of empire, masculinity, race, and nationalism in their texts. Dixon argues that the manner in which these texts range from such topics as imperialism, lost worlds, invasion, and espionage underscores the nature of popular fiction during this era.

Dutton, Richard. Ben Jonson: Authority: Criticism. London: Macmillan, 1996.

Dutton explores Ben Jonson's place in the transition from oral to print culture, as well as in the emergence of the commercial literary marketplace. Dutton investigates the ways in which Jonson contributed to the critical reputations of his contemporaries including Shakespeare, Donne, and Spenser in addition to exploring the critic's interpretive encounters with such classical writers as Aristotle, Quintilian, Cicero, and Horace. Dutton also features a selection of Jonson's critical writings as an appendix.

Edgecombe, Rodney Stenning. Two Poets of the Oxford Movement: John Keble and John Henry Newman. Cranbury, NJ: Associated UP, 1996.

Edgecombe examines the poetic achievements of two central poets of the Oxford movement, John Keple and John Henry Newman. In addition to investigating the ways in which each writer conceived of poetry as an instrument of religious persuasion, Edgecombe discusses the evolution and nature of the Tractarian poetry of the Oxford movement. Edgecombe argues that both poets possessed tremendous poetic gifts often obscured by theological emphases upon the study of the verse of the Oxford movement.

Erskine-Hill, Howard. Poetry and the Realm of Politics: Shakespeare to Dryden. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996.

Erskine-Hill discusses the relation between poetry and politics in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century English literature. Focusing in particular upon the works of Spenser, Shakespeare, Jonson, Milton, and Dryden, Erskine-Hill argues that the tradition of political allusion is a shifting and unsystematic practice often involving equivocal or multiple reference. Erskine-Hill demonstrates the ways in which each writer's poetry contains a political component crucial for our understanding of their verse.

-----. Poetry of Opposition and Revolution: Dryden to Wordsworth. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996.

Erskine-Hill investigates the relation between poetry and politics in English literature from Dryden to Wordsworth. Drawing upon revisionist attempts in recent historiography, Erskine-Hill provides new readings of such texts as Pope's Rape of the Lock, Dryden's Aeneid, and Wordsworth's The Prelude. Erskine,Hill explores the political preoccupation inherent in each writer's poetry, while also examining the development of new verse forms after the collapse of the Enlightenment.

Fallon, Robert Thomas. Divided Empire: Milton's Political Imagery. University Park: Pennsylvania State UP, 1995.

Fallon discusses the influence of Milton's political experience upon the narrative aesthetics of Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, and Samson Agonistes. In this useful sequel to his earlier volume, Milton in Government, which investigated Milton's work as Secretary for Foreign Languages to the English Republic, Fallon addresses the influence of personal and historical events upon Milton's art through close readings of his greatest works of poetry.

Ferry, Anne. The Title to the Poem. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1996.

Ferry investigates the titling of poems by British and American writers from the beginning of the print era through the present. She focuses in particular upon works by Jonson, Wordsworth, Browning, Whitman, Hardy, Frost, Williams, Stevens, Auden, and Ashbery, among others. Ferry also discusses the role of the editorial third-person in the titling of poems, as well as titles that express uneasiness about autobiographical and other intrusive interpretations of poems.

Fleming, Deborah. "A Man Who Does Not Exist": The Irish Peasant in the Work of W. B. Yeats and J. M. Synge. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1995.

Fleming explores the influence of Irish culture and folklore in the works of Yeats and Synge, with particular emphasis upon the ways in which each writer contributed to the development of a new literary movement in Ireland. Additionally, Fleming discusses the cultural, historical, and literary contexts in which Yeats and Synge developed their peasant characters through a postcolonial perspective. Fleming provides an appendix that contains additional information regarding the history and culture of agrarian Ireland.

Flynn, Dennis. John Donne and the Ancient Catholic Nobility. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1995.

Flynn attempts to situate John Donne's early life in the context of his descent from Sir Thomas More and his family's lengthy association with the Catholic nobility. Flynn argues that an alliance existed between Donne's family and the houses of Percy and Stanley, in addition to providing a new and informed perspective in which to read the poet's life and work. Drawing upon the writer's social and religious background, Flynn also explores the function of such issues as exile and persecution in Donne's poetry.

Folsom, Ed. Wait Whitman's Native Representations. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1994.

Folsom reads the poetry of Wait Whitman in terms of the cultural developments that occurred during the poet's lifetime, including the development of American dictionaries; the emergence of baseball; the evolution of American Indian policy; and the evolution of photography and of photographic portraits. Folsom employs these subjects in a wide-ranging study of Whitman's multidimensional poetry and persona. Additionally, Folsom argues that Whitman's approach to these issues underscore the manner in which culture taught him to create native representations in his work.

Friedman, Geraldine. The Insistence of History: Revolution in Burke, Wordsworth, Keats, and Baudelaire. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1996.

Friedman investigates the absence of history, particularly the shadows of post-revolutionary history, in selected works by Burke, Wordsworth, Keats, and Baudelaire written after the French Revolution and the Revolution of 1848. Friedman also addresses the roles of narration and figuration in the works of these writers, while also discussing their literary representations of history and politics. Friedman argues that revolution operates in their works as a trauma that eludes explanation within their texts.

George, Rosemary Marangoly. The Politics of Home: Postcolonial Relocations and Twentieth-Century Fiction. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996.

George explores the multiplicity of postcolonial relocations in literatures in English in the twentieth century through his analysis of the representation of "home" in selected narratives. Using works by R. K. Narayan, Joseph Conrad, Jamaica Kincaid, and others, George maps the evolution of imperial fiction and postcolonial theory during the twentieth century. George argues through close readings of several texts that literary allegiances remain decidedly complicated in textual reformulations of the concept of "home."

Gibbons, Luke. Transformations in Irish Culture. Cork: Cork UP, 1996.

Gibbons examines the complex intersections between culture and politics in Irish literature. In addition to exploring the tenuous nature of Ireland's literary and cultural identity, Gibbons argues that an understanding of Irish artistic heritage necessitates our rethinking of key concepts of tradition, modernity, race, gender. and class. Gibbons focuses upon a wide range of Irish cultural achievements, including analyses of Irish cinema, television, drama, and poetry, among other genres.

Gilbert, Helen, and Joanne Tompkins. Post-Colonial Drama: Theory, Practice, Politics. London: Routledge, 1996.

Gilbert and Tompkins discuss the ways in which performance practices intersect and develop our understanding of postcolonial theories. In addition to addressing the continuing effects of imperialism, they investigate a range of plays from Australia, Africa, Canada, New Zealand, the Caribbean, and other previously colonized regions. Gilbert and Tompkins argue for a culturally specific approach to the interpretation of plays from Western and non-Western societies alike.

Granqvist, Raoul. Imitation as Resistance: Appropriations of English Literature in Nineteenth-Century America. Cranbury, NJ: Associated UP, 1995.

Granqvist explores American responses to British literature during the nineteenth century, particularly to the works of Scott, Byron, and Dickens. In addition to examining the manner in which American writers echo, parody, and pay tribute to British texts, Granqvist discusses the ways that American culture attempted to free itself from Old World value systems and worldviews. Granqvist argues that American writers employed imitation as a means for seeking their ways out of years of dependence upon their British literary precursors.

Grantley, Darryll, and Peter Roberts, ed. Christopher Marlowe and English Renaissance Culture. Aldershot, Hants: Scolar, 1996.

Selections include Andrew Butcher's "'onelye a boye called Christopher Mowle'"; Roberts's "'The Studious Artizan': Christopher Marlowe, Canterbury and Cambridge"; Charles Nicholl's '"At Middleborough': Some Reflections on Marlowe's Visit to the Low Countries in 1592"; Richard Wilson's "Visible Bullets: Tamburlaine the Great and Ivan the Terrible"; David Potter's "Marlowe's Massacre at Paris and the Reputation of Henri III of France"; Nick de Somogyi's "Marlowe's Maps of War"; Thomas Cartelli's "Marlowe and the New World"; Roger Sales's "The Stage, the Scaffold and the Spectators: the Struggle for Power in Marlowe's Jew of Malta"; Nicholas Davidson's "Christopher Marlowe and Atheism"; Gareth Roberts's "Necromantic Books: Christopher Marlowe, Doctor Faustus and Agrippa of Nettesheim"; Lawrence Normand's "'What passions call you these?': Edward II and James VI"; Michael Hattaway's "Christopher Marlowe: Ideology and Subversion"; Grantley's "'Whate meanes this shew?': Theatricalism, Camp and Subversion in Doctor Faustus and The Jew of Malta"; and Alexander Shurbanov's "Marlowe and the Internalization of Irony."

Griffin, Dustin. Literary Patronage in England, 1650-1800. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996.

Griffin provides a comprehensive study of the system of literary patronage in early modern England, arguing that the system persisted throughout the eighteenth century, despite the prevailing critical opinion that it diminished by 1750. Drawing upon the insights of literary, social, and political history, Griffin examines the cultural economics of patronage and suggests that it always remained decidedly political in its nature and motivation. Griffin offers close readings of the lives and works of such figures as Dryden, Swift, Pope, and Johnson, among others.

Griffin, Patsy. The Modest Ambition of Andrew Marvell: A Study of Marvell and His Relation to Lovelace, Fairfax, Cromwell, and Milton. Cranbury, NJ: Associated UP, 1995.

Griffin investigates the historical presences and pressures that entreated Andrew Maryell to devise his masterful defenses of Richard Lovelace, Oliver Cromwell, Thomas Fairfax, and John Milton. In addition to addressing Marvell's language strategies and utilization of historical fact, Griffin examines the writer's self-appointed role as poet-apologist. Griffin demonstrates the manner in which Marvell's poetry may be read as a response to such issues as regicide and the Interregnum, among other subjects.

Gurr, Andrew. The Shakespearean Playing Companies. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996.

Gurr offers a history of the professional acting companies that brought drama to London during the Elizabethan era. In addition to providing a general history of company developments from the 1560s through 1642, when an act of Parliament closed the acting companies down, Gurr devotes particular attention to the lives and work of The Lord Chamberlain's Men, Shakespeare's legendary acting troupe. Gurr also provides chapters on such companies as The Jacobean Royal Children's Companies, The Blackfriars Boys, The Lord Admiral's Men, and Leicester's Men, among others.

Hadley, Elaine. Melodramatic Tactics: Theatricalized Dissent in the English Marketplace, 1800-1885. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1995.

Hadley discusses melodrama as a theatrical genre, as well as a behavioral paradigm for nineteenth-century theater, literature, and society. She argues, moreover, that the melodramatic mode reaffirmed the familial, hierarchical, and public grounds for ethical behavior and identity that characterized eighteenth-century value systems for social exchange and organization. Hadley examines, for example, works by George Meredith and Charles Dickens in juxtaposition with a number of nineteenth-century social reforms.

Hanna III, Ralph. Pursuing History: Middle English Manuscripts in Their Texts. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1996.

Hanna discusses the origins, production, and annotation of a variety of Middle English manuscripts. In addition to affording close analyses of several Chaucerian works, Hanna investigates stemmatics and the nuances of early manuscript production. Hanna devotes particular attention to the dissemination of Piers Plowman, as well as a survey of its extant textual manifestations.

Hanne, Michael. The Power of the Story: Fiction and Political Change. New York: Continuum, 1994.

Hanne examines the power of the novel as an instrument of social and political change through an analysis of several fictional works produced since the early nineteenth century. Hanne focuses in particular upon works by Ivan Turgenev, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Ignazio Silone, Alexander Solzhenitsyn, and Salman Rushdie. Hanne contextualizes his discussion of their works with a theoretical essay that outlines his thesis on narrative and power.

Henderson, Andrea K. Romantic Identities: Varieties of Subjectivity, 1774-1830. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996.

Henderson examines the Romantic representation of the self in terms of its psychological depth. In addition to exploring various forms of Romantic discourse in their historical, economic, and social contexts, Henderson investigates various Romantic conceptions of identity in the works of such writers as Percy and Mary Shelley and Sir Walter Scott. Henderson also traces the Romantic view of the self in embryo and at birth, as well as the anti-essentialism in Romantic physiology.

Hewison, Robert. Ruskin and Oxford: The Art of Education. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996.

Hewison draws upon an exhibition at the Ashmolean Museum in this study of John Ruskin's founding of the Ruskin School of Drawing at Oxford. Additionally, he explores Ruskin's lifelong commitment to the art of drawing and his belief that draughtsmanship was a valuable educational tool. Hewison features a number of Ruskin's original drawing in this study as a means for explaining the writer's social and critical motivations for founding the School of Drawing at Oxford.

Hoenselaars, A.J., ed. Reclamations of Shakespeare. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1994.

Selections include Hoenselaars's introduction; Andrew Gurr's "Shakespeare and the Visual Signifier"; Willem Schrickx's "Elizabethan Drama and Anglo-Dutch Relations"; Henk Gras's "Enchanting Metadrama: Shakespeare and the use of the Boy Actor in As You Like It"; M. T. Jones-Davies's "Shakespeare and the Myth of Hercules"; Mieke Bal's "The Rape of Lucrece and the Story of W"; C. C. Barfoot's "News From the Roman Empire: Hearsay, Soothsay, Myth and History in Antony and Cleopatra"; Helen Wilcox's "Gender and Genre in Shakespeare's Tragicomedies"; Paul J. C. M. Franssen's "Portraits of Mr. W. S.: the Myth of Sweet Master Shakespeare in Asimov, Wilde, and Burgess"; Aart Balk's "Revolting Against the Legend: Anti-Shakespearean Elements in Jule Laforgue's Hamlet"; Anthony Paul's "The Poet Laureate's National Poet"; Pierre Iselin's "Myth, Memory and Music in Richard 11. Hamlet and Othello"; Julia Muller's "Music as Meaning in The Tempest"; P. J. Gabriner's "Hierarchy, Harmony and Happiness: Another Look at the Hunting Dogs in the Induction' to The Taming of the Shrew"; Mark Berge's '"My Poor Fool Is Hanged': Cordelia, the Fool, Silence and Irresolution in King Lear"; Hoenselaars's "Mapping Shakespeare's Europe"; Roberta E. Pearson and William Uricchio's "'Shrieking from below the Gratings': Sir Herbert Beerbohm-Tree's Macbeth and His Critics"; J. J. Peereboom's "Every Word in Shakespeare"; and Michael Green's "Sixth Form and Pressure: Why Teach Shakespeare at A-Level?"

Ingebretsen, Edward J. Maps of Heaven, Maps of Hell: Religious Terror as Memory from the Puritans to Stephen King. Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1996.

Ingebretsen examines the fear of self-loss that lies at the heart of the puritan theology of religious conversion. He also focuses on works by Cotton Mather, Jonathan Edwards, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Robert Frost, H. P. Lovecraft, and Stephen King, among others. Ingebretsen attempts to foreground the contemporary horror market in the cultural and historical context of early American puritanism.

Jardine, Lisa. Reading Shakespeare Historically. London: Routledge, 1996.

In this wide-ranging collection of essays, Jardine examines the interrelations between early modern history and the period's canonical texts. In addition to providing close historical readings of works by Shakespeare, Marlowe, and Middleton, Jardine provides an account of the emergence of feminist scholarship since the 1980s. Jardine also discusses the variety of new historical approaches present in contemporary literary study during the same era.

-----. Wordly Goods: A New History of the Renaissance. London: Macmillan, 1996.

Jardine offers a new interpretation of the Renaissance era through her historical analysis of the economic and social forces that shaped the Elizabethan era throughout Europe. She also discusses the expanding print trade and its role in disseminating knowledge and learning across Europe, while simultaneously inaugurating the birth of the literary marketplace. Jardine also focuses on such worldly goods as paintings, tapestries, precious gems, brocades, damasks, bronzes, and palaces, among other commodities.

Jordan, John O., and Robert L. Patten, eds. Literature in the Marketplace: Nineteenth-Century British Publishing and Reading Practices. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1995.

Selections include Jordan and Patten's "Introduction: Publishing History as Hypertext"; Simon Eliot's "Some Trends in British Book Production, 18001919"; Peter J. Manning's "Wordsworth in the Keepsake, 1829"; Stephen Gill's "Copyrighting and the Publishing of Wordsworth, 1850-1900"; J. Hillis Miller's "Sam Weller's Valentine"; Robert L. Patten's "Serialized Retrospection in The Pickwick Papers"; Linda K. Hughes and Michael Lund's "Textual/Sexual Pleasure and Serial Publication"; Kelly J. Mays's "The Disease of Reading and Victorian Periodicals"; Jonathan Rose's "How Historians Study Reader Response: Or, What Did Jo Think of Bleak House?"; Gerard Curtis's "Dickens in the Visual Market"; Catherine A. Judd's "Male Pseudonyms and Female Authority in Victorian England"; Maura Ives's "A Bibliographical Approach to Victorian Publishing"; Laurel Brake's "The Wicked Westminster,' the Fortnightly, and Walter Pater's Renaissance"; and Elizabeth Morrison's "Serial fiction in Australian Colonial Newspapers."

Kadarkay, Arpad, ed. The Lukacs Reader. Oxford: Blackwell, 1995.

Kadarkay provides an extended analysis of the life and work of Georg Lukacs whose living influence on twentieth-century European thought, politics, and culture spanned nearly seven decades. In addition to including a selection of Lukacs's most significant essays, Kadarkay offers a comprehensive assessment of Lukacs's remarkable achievements. Kadarkay features Lukacs's writings on such subjects as autobiography; drama and tragedy; art and literature; and philosophy and politics.

Kearns, Katherine. Nineteenth-Century Literary Realism: Through the Looking Glass. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1995.

Kearns argues that realism functions as a literary mode committed to depicting the imperiled ecological system of soul and society. Using works by Hawthorne, Shelley, Chopin, and Dickens, among others, Kearns discusses realism in terms of its inherently reformist agenda. Kearns further suggests that realism operates as a fundamentally disruptive mechanism for undermining the established norms of nineteenth-century narrative.

Kelley, Wyn. Melville's City: Literary and Urban Form in Nineteenth-Century New York. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996.

Kelley places the work of Melville in the historical and cultural context of nineteenth-century New York. Additionally, Kelley identifies the manner in which the novelist employs the social and cultural variety of the city in such novels as Typee and Omoo, among others. Kelley argues that Melville depicts the city in a variety of guises, including as Capital, as Labyrinth, as City of Man, and as City of God.

Kern, Robert. Orientalism, Modernism, and the American Poem. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996.

Kern offers a critical and historical interpretation of the oriental influences upon American poetry of the modernist era. Kern contextualizes modernism's interest in orientalism through discussion of the nineteenth-century works of Ralph Waldo Emerson and Ernest Fenollosa, in addition to discussing the twentieth-century oriental resonance in the verse of Ezra Pound and Gary Snyder, among others. Kern traces the interconnections between orientalism and the west through concomitant developments in Indo-European linguistic theory and the intellectual tradition of American modernist poetry.

Kerrigan, John. Revenge Tragedy: Aeschylus to Armageddon. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996.

Kerrigan investigates the centrality of revenge tragedy in Western culture from the works of Homer and Nietzche through Greek drama and Sylvia Plath. In addition to interpretive forays into film and postmodernism, Kerrigan provides close readings of revenge tragedy, using the works of Shakespeare, Samuel Richardson, and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, among others. Kerrigan also demonstrates the ways in which evolving attitudes toward retribution continue to shape and reconstitute tragedy in Western culture.

Kindelan, Nancy. Shadows of Realism: Dramaturgy and the Theories and Practices of Modernism. Westport: Greenwood, 1996.

Kindelan explores the roles of dramaturgy and realism in the evolution of modernism in the late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century international theatre. Additionally, Kindelan focuses on works by Chekhov and Ibsen, among others. Kindelan devotes particular attention to discriminating the theories and practices of theatrical modernism.

Kirkland, Richard. Literature and Culture in Northern Ireland Since 1965: Moments of Danger. Harlow: Longman, 1996.

Kirkland investigates the development of diverse writing communities and cultural formations in Northern Ireland, Using the works of such writers as Seamus Heaney, Tom Paulin, Paul Muldoon, and Edna Langley, Kirkland provides a useful framework for examining Northern Ireland's literary renaissance. Kirkland argues that the recent literature of Northern Ireland exists as a carefully formulated response to the nation's social and political breakdown.

Kirkpatrick, Robin. English and Italian Literature from Dante to Shakespeare: A Study of Source, Analogue, and Divergence. Harlow: Longman, 1995.

Kirkpatrick discusses the profound influence of Italian literature upon English writers during the three centuries that separate the lives and works of Dante and Shakespeare. In addition to exploring Chaucer's relationship with Dante, Kirkpatrick offers interpretive forays into such subjects as humanist education, lyric poetry, the epic, theatrical comedy, the short story, and the pastoral drama, among other genres. Kirkpatrick concludes this study with analysis of Shakespeare's employment of Italian history and folklore in a number of his plays.

Knippenberg, Joseph M., and Peter Augustine Lawler, eds. Poets, Princes, and Private Citizens: Literary Alternatives to Postmodern Politics. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 1996.

Selections include Knippenberg and Lawler's introduction; Henry Higuera's "Don Quixote and Christian Imperialism"; Knippenberg's "Virtue, Honor, and Reputation: Machiavelli's Appropriation of Christianity in the Rape' of Lucrezia"; Diana J. Schaub's "Master and Man in Melville's 'Benito Cereno'"; Richard M. Myers's "Politics of Hatred in A Tale of Two Cities"; Patrick Malcolmson's "The Sea-Wolf: Nature Versus Morality"; Alan Woolfolk's "The Pestilent Intellect: Camus's Post-Christian Vision"; Amy L. Bonnette's "Family and Politics in Aristophanes"; John Roos's "Flannery O'Connor and the Limits of Justice"; Lawler's "Lost in the Cosmos: Walker Percy's Analysis of American Restlessness"; Eva T. H. Brann's "Paul Scott's Raj Quintet: Real Politics in Imagined Gardens"; Paul Cantor's "Nature and Convention in King Lear"; Pamela K. Jensen's "The Famous Victories of William Shakespeare: The Life of Henry the Fifth"; Anne Ruderman's "Moral Education in Jane Austen's Emma"; and Timothy Burns's "Friendship and Divine Justice in Homer's Iliad."

Leader, Zachary. Revision and Romantic Authorship. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996.

Leader explores the concepts of revision and authority in the Romantic-era works of such writers as Wordsworth, Byron, Coleridge, and Keats, among others. Particular attention is devoted to the revisionary practice of Romantic writers, as well as to the roles of collaborative partners in their writing processes, including family, friends, publishers, critics, and readers. Leader also demonstrates the ways in which Romantic editorial habits reflect conflicting attitudes to the self and personal identity.

Lerer, Seth, ed. Literary History and the Challenge of Philology: The Legacy of Erich Auerbach. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1996.

Selections include Lerer's introduction; Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht's "'Pathos of the Earthly Progress': Erich Auerbach's Everydays"; Claus Uhlig's "Auerbach's 'Hidden' (?) Theory of History"; Luiz Costa-Lima's "Auerbach and Literary History"; Stephen G. Nichols's "Philology in Auerbach's Drama of (Literary) History"; Lerer's "Philology and Collaboration: The Case of Adam and Eve"; Suzanne Fleischman's "Medieval Vernaculars and the Myth of Monoglossia: A Conspiracy of Linguistics and Philology"; Jesse M. Gellrich's "Figura, Allegory, and the Question of History"; Hayden White's "Auerbach's Literary History: Figural Causation and Modernist Historicism"; Brian Stock's "Literary Realism in the Later Ancient Period"; Kevin Brownlee's "The Ideology of Periodization: Mimesis 10 and the Late Medieval Aesthetic"; Carl Landauer's "Auerbach's Performance and the American Academy, or How New Haven Stole the Idea of Mimesis"; Herbert Lindenberger's "On the Reception of Mimesis"; Geoffrey Green's "Erich Auerbach and the Inner Dream' of Transcendence"; and Thomas R. Hart's "Literature as Language: Auerbach, Spitzer, Jakobson."

Lewis, Jayne Elizabeth. The English Fable: Aesop and Literary Culture, 1651-1740. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996.

Lewis examines the English national obsession with fable between 1651 and 1740, an era in which hundreds of fables, fable collections, and biographies of the ancient Greek slave Aesop saw publication in England. Lewis ascribes this national phenomenon to sociopolitical crisis and as an antidote to evolving anxieties regarding authorship. In addition to investigating the manner in which John Dryden, Anne Finch, and John Gay experimented with the fable form, Lewis discusses the ways that Augustan writers employed the fable as a means for deriving cultural authority.

Lombardi, Thomas Francis. Wallace Stevens and the Pennsylvania Keystone. Cranbury, N J: Associated UP, 1996.

Lombardi traces the biographical and historical influences that shaped the life and poetry of Wallace Stevens. In addition to discussing Stevens's Pennsylvania provincialism, Lombardi examines the origins of the poet's family, heritage, and religious roots. Lombardi argues that much of Stevens's late poetry evinces a yearning for a universal odyssey of return to the experiences of his youthful past in Pennsylvania.

Looby, Christopher. Voicing America: Language, Literary Form, and the Origins of the United States. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1996.

Looby examines the historical interplay of language and literary form in the origins of American nationhood and nationalism. In addition to detailing the evolution of eighteenth-century American literature, Looby draws upon historical, political, and legal tracts from the era in an effort to contextualize the development of the American literary voice. Looby provides close readings of texts by Benjamin Franklin, Charles Brockden Brown, and Hugh Henry Brackenridge.

Lowry, Richard S. "Littery Man": Mark Twain and Modern Authorship. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996.

Lowry discusses Mark Twain's self-conscious rise to literary celebrity and the conflicts between culture and commerce that problematized his conceptions of authorship. In addition to tracing the development of literature as a profession during the nineteenth century, Lowry examines Twain's self-conscious performance as one of American culture's first modern celebrities. Lowry employs a wide range of period materials in his study, including popular boys' fiction, childrearing manuals, travel narratives, autobiographies, and criticism.

Malchow, H. L. Gothic Images of Race in Nineteenth-Century Britain. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1996.

Malchow traces the sources of the late eighteenth- and nineteenth-century demonization of racial and cultural difference in an effort to explain the origins of the Gothic genre. Malchow contends that the Gothic functions as a literary and cultural response to the terror, disgust, and alienation that accompany racism. Using Brain Stoker's Dracula, Malchow discusses the revival in the late nineteenth century of the vampire story.

Marzan, Julio. The Spanish American Roots of William Carlos Williams. Austin: U of Texas P, 1994.

Marzan investigates the Latin American roots of William Carlos Williams's poetry, arguing that his Spanish American past enabled him to see the dualities and contradictions inherent in modern American life. Marzan devotes particular attention to tracing Williams's development as the son of a Puerto Rican mother and an English-born, Caribbean islander father. In addition to detailing the Spanish sources of Williams's verse, particularly the poetry of Spaniard Luis de Gongora, Marzan argues that Williams's poetry essentially reflects the qualities of the immigrant experience.

McFarland, Thomas. Paradoxes of Freedom: The Romantic Mystique of a Transcendence. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996.

McFarland examines the philosophical and historical construction of the notion of liberty. In addition to tracing the Romantic exaltation of freedom that followed the traumas of the French Revolution, McFarland identifies freedom as the cultural and literary means through which humanity derives transcendence. McFarland concludes with a sobering assessment of the future of freedom as a means of enjoying spiritual transcendence.

McLaughlin, Kevin. Writing in Parts: Imitation and Exchange in Nineteenth. Century Literature. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1995.

McLaughlin draws upon works by Marx, Balzac, Dickens, Adorno, and Benjamin in his analysis of the mass commodification and imitation inherent in nineteenth-century Europe. McLaughlin traces the development of commercial culture in England and France through his study of the literary marketplace's mimetic disposition toward the commodification of culture during this era. Particular attention is devoted to Dickens's role in the rapidly developing literary marketplace of the Victorian era.

Meyer, Susan. Imperialism at Home: Race and Victorian Women's Fiction. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1996.

Meyer investigates the metaphorical use of race in the works of Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte, and George Eliot. Meyer contends that each writer employed race as a metaphor for the latent imperialism that defined male-female relationships in England during the Victorian era. Through close readings of selected novels, Meyer examines the ways in which each writer approached established hierarchies of race and gender in her fictions.

Miles, Geoffrey. Shakespeare and the Constant Romans. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996.

Miles provides close readings of Shakespeare's Roman plays, affording special emphasis to the Renaissance interest in Roman history and culture. Additionally, Miles argues that Shakespeare's plays function as a complex reconfiguration of a three figures from Plutarch Brutus, Antony, and Coriolanus. Miles traces the Renaissance interest in Roman history to Montaigne's well-known critique of Stoicism, which also receives close attention in the study.

Mohanram, Radhika, and Gita Rajah, eds. English Postcoloniality: Literatures From Around the World. Westport: Greenwood, 1996.

Selections include Mohanram and Rajan's "Introduction: The Concept of English Postcoloniality"; Joy Harjo's "A Postcolonial Tale"; Ralph J. Crane's "Out of the Center: Thoughts on the Post-Colonial Literatures of Australia and New Zealand"; Ian Crump's "'A Terrible Beauty Is Born': Irish Literature as a Paradigm for the Formation of Postcolonial Literatures"; P.S. Chauhan's "Caribbean Writing in English: Intimations of a Historical Nightmare"; John C. Hawley's "South African Writing in English"; Jeannine DeLombard's "Postcolonial East African Literature: Toward a Literature of the People for the People, and by the People?"; Anthonia Kalu's "Between Cultures: Insights on West African Writing in English"; Aparna Dharwadker and Vinay Dharwadker's "Language, Identity, and Nation in Postcolonial Indian English Literature"; Alamgir Hashmi's "Prolegomena to the Study of Pakistani English and Pakistani Literature in English"; Leon Litvack's "Canadian Writing in English and Multiculturalism"; Christopher Wise and Cora Agutucci's "Historical Review of African-American Literature"; Powhiri Wharemarama Rika-Heke's "Margin or Center? Let me tell you! In the Land of my Ancestors I am the Centre': Indigenous Writing in Aotearoa"; Sigrid Markmann's "On Women's Writing in Aotearoa/New Zealand: Patricia Grace, Keri Hulme, Cathie Dunsford"; Norma C. Wilson's "Nesting in the Ruins"; and Hugh Webb's "Aboriginal Writing: Twisting the Colonial SuperNarrative."

Montefiore, Janet. Men and Women Writers of the 1930s: The Dangerous Flood of History. London: Routledge, 1996.

Montefiore investigates the places of memory and gender in the creation of the celebrated, albeit tragic, literature of the 1930s. In addition to discussing such wide-ranging genres as anti-fascist historical novels and travel narratives, Montefiore affords particular attention to addressing the role of women in the construction of literary modernism during this era. Montefiore provides close readings of works by George Orwell, Virginia Woolf, W. H. Auden, Storm Jameson, Sylvia Townsend Warner, and Rebecca West.

Monteiro, George. The Presence of Camoes: Influences on the Literature of England, America, and Southern Africa. Lexington: UP of Kentucky, 1996.

Monteiro discusses the life and work of the great epic poet, Luis Vaz de Camoes, the Portuguese writer whose profound influence upon English literature remains largely unrecognized by scholars. Monteiro addresses Camoes's wide-ranging influence upon such writers as William Hayley, William Blake, Joel Barlow, Robert Southey, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Edgar Allan Poe, Herman Melville, Emily Dickinson, and Elizabeth Bishop, among others. Monteiro also examines Camoes's depiction of Africa as a mysterious and dangerous exemplar of European imperialism.

Morash, Christopher. Writing the Irish Famine. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995.

Morash examines literary representations of the Irish famine of the 1840s by such writers as William Carleton, Anthony Trollope, James Clarence Mangan, John Mitchel, and Samuel Ferguson. In addition to exploring the famine's historical interconnections with the postulation of a variety of histories, sermons, and economic treatises that collectively construct a narrative of the famine's tremendous impact upon Irish history and culture of the nineteenth century, Morash argues that the famine remains largely misunderstood by scholars. Morash draws upon recent insights in new historicist criticism in his exploration of the literary memorialization of the Irish famine.

Morse, Ruth. The Medieval Medea. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 1996.

Morse traces the influence of the legends of Jason and Medea upon a variety of writers, including Dante, Chaucer, Boccaccio, Gower, and Christine de Pizan, among others. She additionally demonstrates the ways in which often divergent versions of these stories became the benchmarks of Western chronology. Morse argues that the legends of Jason and Medea contribute to Western notions of history, as well to prevailing ideas regarding the stereotypical power and ruthlessness of women.

Murdoch, Brian. The Germanic Hero: Politics and Pragmatism in Early Medieval Poetry. London: Hambledon, 1996.

Murdoch investigates the role of the warrior-hero within a medieval set of predetermined political and social constraints. In addition to arguing that the feets of the Germanic hero only find their value within a political venue, Murdoch contends that this figure hardly sought fame and honor, as so many scholars and legends suggest. Murdoch examines the role of the Germanic hero in works of Old English, Old and Middle High German, Old Norse, Latin and Old French, and the verse of the late medieval chivalric poet, Konrad von Wurzburg.

Nochlin, Linda, and Tamar Garb, eds. The Jew in the Text: Modernity and the Construction of Identity. London: Thames and Hudson, 1995.

Selections include Nochlin's "Starting with the Self: Jewish Identity and Its Representation"; Tamar Garb's "Modernity, Identity, Textuality"; Bryan Cheyette's "Neither Black Nor White: The Figure of the Jew' in Imperial British Literature"; Juliet Steyn's "Charles Dickens's Oliver Twist: Fagin as a Sign"; Gale B. Murray's "Toulouse-Lautrec's Illustrations for Victor Joze and Georges Clemenceau and Their Relationship to French Anti-Semititsm of the 1890s"; Kathleen Adler's "John Singer Sargent's Portraits of the Wertheimer Family"; Sander L. Gilman's "Salome, Syphilis, Sarah Bernhardt, and the Modern Jewess"; Carol Ockman's "When Is a Jewish Star Just a Star?: Interpreting Images of Sarah Bernhardt"; Julia Kristeva's "Marcel Proust: In Search of Identity"; Romy Golan's "From Fin de Siecle to Vichy: The Cultural Hygienics of Camille (Faust) Mauclair"; Michele C. Cone's "Vampires, Viruses, and Lucien Rebater: AntiSemitic Art Criticism during Vichy"; Judith Glatzer Wechsler's "El Lissitzky's Interchange Stations': The Letter and the Spirit"; Susan Rubin Suleiman's "The Jew in Sartre's Reflexions sur las question juive: An Exercise in Historical Reading"; Steven Connor's "'I . . . AM. A': Addressing the Jewish Question in Joyce's Ulysses"; Claire Pajaczkowska and Barry Curtis's "Assimilation, Entertainment, and the Hollywood Solution"; Marshall Berman's "'A Little Child Shall Lead Them': The Jewish Family Romance"; Adrian Rifkin's "Parvenu or Palimpsest: Some Tracings of the Jew in Modern France"; and James E. Young's "The U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum: Memory and the Politics of Identity."

Parker, R. B., and S. P. Zitner, eds. Elizabethan Theater: Essays in Honor of S. Schoenbaum. Newark: U of Delaware P, 1996.

Selections include Stanley Wells's "Shakespeare's Lives: 1991-1994"; Mary Edmond's "Yeomen, Citizens, Gentlemen, and Players: The Burbages and Their Connections"; Brian Gibbons's "Jonson and Reflection"; Richard Dutton's "The Birth of the Author"; Barbara A. Mowat's "Constructing the Author"; Ian Donaldson's "Jonson and the Tother Youth"; Alexander Leggatt's "The Presence of the Playwright, 1580-1640"; Annabel Patterson's '"All is True': Negotiating the Past in Henry VIII"; Meredith Skura's "Is There a Shakespeare After the New New Bibliography?"; Philip J. Finkelpearl's "Two Distincts, Division None: Shakespeare and Flectcher's The Two Noble Kinsmen of 1613"; Susan Snyder's "'The Norwegians Are Coming!' Shakespearean Misleadings"; Jonas Barish's "Remembering and Forgetting in Shakespeare"; Steven Urkowitz's "Two Versions of Romeo and Juliet 2.6 and Merry Wives of Windsor 5.5.215-45: An Invitation tot he Pleasures of Textual/Sexual Di(Per)versity"; George K. Hunter's "Theatrical Politics and Shakespeare's Comedies, 1590-1600"; Arthur F. Kinney's "Speculating Shakespeare, 1605-1606"; R. A. Foakes's "King Lear: Monarch or Senior Citizen?"; Michael Neill's "The World Beyond: Shakespeare and the Tropes of Translation"; and S. Schoenbaum's "A Checklist."

Parry, Graham. The Trophies of Time: English Antiquarians of the Seventeenth Century. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995.

Parry offers a comprehensive study of the English antiquarians of the seventeenth century, including portraits of Camden, Cotton, Selden, Spelman, Ussher, Dugdale, and Aubrey, among other scholars. Additionally, Parry discusses the prevailing seventeenth-century curiosity in the origins of the nation and its institutions. Parry argues that the emerging antiquarian interest in England enabled its citizens to learn about the character and identity of their nation.

Paterson, John. Edwardians: London Life and Letters, 1901-1914. Chicago: Dee, 1996.

Paterson provides a useful account of the culture and literature of Edwardian England during the early years of the twentieth century. In addition to examining the period's approach to such subjects as sex, society, art, literature, politics, and labor, Paterson discusses the prevailing national interest in securing social and personal freedom. Paterson offers portraits of a number of influential Edwardian and post-Edwardian writers, including James, Conrad, Yeats, Ford, Lawrence, Bennett, Wells, Strachey, Woolf, Mansfield, and Pound, among others.

Pechter, Edward, ed. Textual and Theatrical Practice: Questions of Evidence. Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1996.

Selections include Pechter's "Textual and Theatrical Shakespeare: Questions of Evidence"; Michael D. Bristol's "How Good Does Evidence Have to Be?"; Alan C. Dessen's "Recovering Elizabethan Staging: A Reconsideration of the Evidence"; Robert Weimann's "Performance-Game and Representation in Richard III"; Kathleen E. McLuskie's "The Shopping Complex: Materiality and the Renaissance Theatre"; John Ripley's "Coriolanus as Tory Propaganda"; Laurie E. Osborne's "The Rhetoric of Evidence: The Narration and Display of Viola and Olivia in the Nineteenth Century"; Catherine M. Shaw's "Edwin Booth's Richard H and the Divided Nation"; Leanore Lieblein's "Theatre Archives at the Intersection of Production and Reception: The Example of Quebecois Shakespeare"; Barbara Hodgdon's "'Here Apparent': Photography, History, and the Theatrical Unconscious"; and W. B. Worthen's "Invisible Bullets, Violet Beards: Reading Actors Reading."

Pizer, Donald, ed. The Cambridge Companion to American Realism and Naturalism. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1995.

Selections include Pizer's "Introduction: The Problem of Definition"; Louis J. Budd's "The American Background"; Richard Lehan's "The European Background"; Michael Anesko's "Recent Critical Approaches"; Elizabeth Ammons's "Expanding the Canon of American Realism"; John W. Crowley's "The Portrait of a Lady and The Rise of Silas Lapham: The Company They Kept"; Tom Quirk's "The Realism of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"; J. C. Levenson's "The Red Badge of Courage and McTeague: Passage to Modernity"; Blanche H. Gelfant's "What More Can Carrie Want?: Naturalistic Ways of Consuming Women"; Barbara Hochman's "The Awakening and The House of Mirth: Plotting Experience and Experiencing Plot"; Jacqueline Tavernier-Courbin's "The Call of the Wild and The Jungle: Jack London's and Upton Sinclair's Animal and Human Jungles"; and Kenneth W. Warren's "Troubled Black Humanity in The Souls of Black Folk and The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man."

Prickett, Stephen. Origins of Narrative: The Romantic Appropriation of the Bible. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996.

Prickett discusses the Romantic appropriation of the Bible and its influence upon the history and literature of the early nineteenth century. Prickett contends that, as the place of formal religion declined during that era, the prestige of the Bible as a cultural artifact was elevated to new heights. Prickett also explores the manner in which literature and literary criticism became increasingly marked by Biblical imagery during the Romantic era.

Rhodes, Royal W. The Lion and the Cross: Early Christianity in Victorian Novels. Columbus: Ohio State UP, 1995.

Rhodes studies more than 130 religious novels of the Victorian period and offers a comprehensive account of the theological premise that undergirds nineteenth-century religious and historical thought. Rhodes argues that the early Christian novels of the Victorian era were employed by theological writers of the period in order to explore religious questions under the guise of antiquity. Rhodes affords attention to the works of such writers as Wilkie Collins, Walter Pater, John Henry Newman, Charles Kingsley, Nicholas Cardinal Wiseman, Edward Bulwer-Lytton, Thomas Moore, John Mason Neale, Charlotte Yonge, Frederic Farrar, and Marie Corelli, among others.

Richetti, John, ed. The Cambridge Companion to the Eighteenth-Century Novel. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996.

Selections include Richetti's introduction; J. Paul Hunter's "The Novel and Social/Cultural History"; Max Novak's "Defoe as an Innovator of Fictional Form"; Michael Seidel's "Gulliver's Travels and the Contracts of Fiction"; Margaret Anne Doody's "Samuel Richardson: Fiction and Knowledge"; Claude Rawson's "Henry Fielding"; Jonathan Lamb's "Sterne and Irregular Oratory"; Michael Rosenblum's "Smollett's Humphry Clinker"; Julia Epstein's "Marginality in Frances Burney's Novels"; Jane Spencer's "Women Writers and the Eighteenth-Century Novel"; John Mullan's "Sentimental Novels"; and James P. Carson's "Enlightenment, Popular Culture, and Gothic Fiction."

Roberts, Marie, and Hugh Ormsby-Lennon, eds. Secret Texts: The Literature of Secret Societies. New York: AMS, 1995.

Selections include a Foreword by the Right Honourable Michael Foot; Stanton J. Linden's "Alchemical Art and the Renaissance Emblem"; Orbsby-Lennon's "Nature's Mystick Book: Renaissance Arcanum into Restoration Cant"; Roberts's "Science, Magic, and Masonry: Swift's Secret Texts"; Marsha Keith Schuchard's "Yeats and the Unknown Superiors': Swedenborg, Falk, and Cagliostro"; Carla J. Mulford's "Joel Barlow, Edmund Burke, and Fears of Masonic Conspiracy in 1792"; Gary R. Dyer's "Peacock and the Philosophical Gas' of the Illuminati"; Elizabeth Imlay's "Freemasonry, the Brontes, and the Hidden Text of Jane Eyre"; Ingeborg M. Kohn's "The Mystic Impressario: Josephin Peladan, Founder of Le Salon de la Rose + Croix"; William M. Burgan's "Orlick's Hammers and Pip's Third Degree"; Thomas Willard's "Acts of the Companions: A. E. Waite's Fellowship of the Rosy Cross and the Novels of Charles Williams"; Robert A. Gilbert's "'Two Circles to Gain and Two squares to Lose': The Golden Dawn in Popular Fiction"; Paul Rich's "Kim and the Magic House: Freemasonry and Kipling"; and an Afterword by the Reverend Dean Jonathan Swift.

Rutledge, Douglas F., ed. Ceremony and Text in the Renaissance. Newark: U of Delaware P, 1996.

Selections include Rutledge's preface; Thomas M. Greene's introduction; Evelyn B. Tribble's "The Partial Sign: Spenser and the Sixteenth-Century Crisis of Semiotics"; Amelia Carr's "'Because He Was a Prince': St. Leopold, Habsburg Ritual Strategics, and the Practice of Sincere Religion at KIosterneuberg"; Caroline McAlister's "Teaching the Young Lady to Just Say No: Corrective Responses to Coercive Ritual in Milton's Comus"; Rutledge's "Northumberland, Somerset, and the Politics of Change"; Mary Hill Cole's "Ceremonial Dialogue between Elizabeth and Her Civic Hosts"; Ann Hurley's "Interruption: The Transformation of a Critical Feature of Ritual from Revel to Lyric in John Donne's Inns of Court Poetry of the 1590s"; Thomas Apple's "'And Attend that in Person which You Cannot Execute by Deputy': Elizabeth I at Revels"; Emily Jayne's "Cassoni Dances and Marriage Ritual in Fifteenth-Century Italy"; Frank Nicholas Clary's "'Imagine No Worse of Them': Hippolyta on the Ritual Threshold in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream"; Cindy L. Vitto's "Mismatched Words and Deeds: Rituals in The Witch of Edmonton"; Hardin Aasand's "'Sed Pater et Filius Unum Fictione luris Sunt': Oberon and the Masque of Succession"; and Douglas M. Lanier's "'So Short You Read My Character': Ben Jonson and the Sphragis."

Sandison, Alan. Robert Louis Stevenson and the Appearance of Modernism. London: Macmillan, 1996.

Sandison problematizes the prevailing critical stance that Robert Louis Stevenson functioned as an apologist for the lost world of the romance. He contends that such accounts undervalue Stevenson's contributions and place among the writers of his era, in addition to diminishing his role in the foundation of the emerging modernism of the next century. Sandison also discusses Stevenson's influence upon such writers as Mallarme, Nabokov, and Borges.

Scott, Paul H. Defoe in Edinburgh and Other Papers. East Lothian, Scotland: Tuckwell, 1995.

Scott assembles a variety of essays on such figures as Daniel Defoe, Robert Louis Stevenson, John Macky, John Leyden, Sir Walter Scott, David Hume, and Andrew Fletcher, among others. Additionally, Scott highlights the cultural and historical interconnections between Scotland and its frequently obscured literary heritage. Scott also features essays on such subjects as the Scottish National Theatre, the Scottish National Galleries, and Scottish broadcasting, among other topics.

Sillars, Stuart. Visualisation in Popular Fiction, 1860-1960. London: Routledge, 1995.

Sillars investigates the significant yet often neglected tradition of English illustrated fiction in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. She also provides close readings of representative texts such as Mary Webb's Gone to Earth and Daphne du Maurier's Rebecca. Sillars draws upon Roland Barthes's theories of narratology in his analysis of the role of illustration in Edwardian fiction and magazines, as well as in later visual representations in comic strips and film.

Teres, Harvey. Renewing the Left: Politics, Imagination, and the New York Intellectuals. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996.

Teres examines the life and times of the New York intelligentsia from the 1930s to the present, with particular emphasis upon the experiences of such figures as Morris Dickstein, Norman Podhoretz, Irving Howe, and Jack Kerouac, among others. Teres argues for a reassessment of the historical and literary contributions of the New York cultural left. In addition to addressing the role of such journals as the Partisan Review in the emergence of New York intellectual life, Teres offers portraits of such luminaries as Lionel Trilling, Wallace Stevens, Mary McCarthy, and James Baldwin, among a host of others.

Tricomi, Albert H. Reading Tudor-Stuart Texts through Cultural Historicism. Gainesville: UP of Florida, 1996.

Tricomi explores the value of cultural criticism through close readings of a variety of Tudor-Stuart texts. In addition to discussing Tudor-Stuart models of surveillance and the cultural oversight of the sexual body as revealed in Elizabethan-Jacobean drama, Tricomi merges historical criticism with the forcefulness of cultural critique. Tricomi argues for the development of a more comprehensive and vigorous brand of cultural criticism.

Turville-Petre, Thorlac. England the Nation: Language, Literature, and National Identity, 1290-1340. Oxford: Clarendon, 1996.

Turville-Petre investigates the literary and cultural contributions of fourteenth-century English letters. He contends that much of the literature of this era functions as a means for constructing national identity, particularly through the postulation of a number of English histories during the fourteenth century. Turville-Petre also explores the interconnections between England's three languages Latin, French, and English during an era in which English began to emerge as the national tongue.

Wagner, Jennifer Ann. A Moment's Monument: Revisionary Poetics and the Nineteenth-Century English Sonnet. Cranbury, NJ: Associated UP, 1996.

Wagner traces the revival of the sonnet as a literary form during the nineteenth century in works by Wordsworth, Keats, Hopkins, and Shelley, among others. Wagner also explores Frost's usage of the form in his early twentieth-century verse. Particular attention is afforded to Wordsworth's discovery, through Milton's poetry, of the power of synecdoche as a visionary trope. Wagner argues that the obsessive nineteenth-century usage of the sonnet form demonstrates these poets' self-conscious interest in recognizing their historical relationships with their literary precursors.

Walls, Peter. Music in the English Courtly Masque, 1604-1660. Oxford: Clarendon, 1996.

Walls provides a comprehensive study of the music of the courtly masque during the seventeenth century, drawing upon a wide range of musical sources, documentary evidence, and dramatic texts in his analysis of the music of masques. In addition to examining the William Lawes masques, Walls discusses the musical priorities of Inigo Jones and investigates the French influence upon the Caroline masques.

Watkins, John. The Specter of Dido: Spenser and Virgilian Epic. New Haven: Yale UP, 1995.

Watkins argues that Spenser consciously situated his work within the epic tradition, with particular emphasis upon his classical, medieval, and early modern precursors. In addition to addressing Spenser's intertextual dialogue with Chaucer, Ariosto, Tasso, and several Neo-Latin commentators, Watkins investigates Spenser's transformation of the epic into a poetic means for paying tribute to the Virgin Queen. Watkins also discusses Spenser's organization of his major poetry around multiple revisions of Dido's tragedy.

Weintraub, Stanley. Shaw's People: Victoria to Churchill. University Park: Pennsylvania UP, 1996.

Weintraub examines Shaw's numerous relationships with a variety of celebrated literary and historical figures during his lifetime. In addition to addressing the manner in which the playwright's relationships influenced his work, Weintraub discusses Shaw's associations with such luminaries as Queen Victoria, Oscar Wilde, H. L. Mencken, James Joyce, and Winston Churchill. Weintraub also explores the curious relationship of mutual admiration that developed between Shaw and W. B. Yeats.

Wilkins, Nigel. Music in the Age of Chaucer. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1995.

Wilkins provides a useful introductory guide to fourteenth-century music. In addition to including a chapter on "Chaucer Songs," Wilkins offers selected essays on the minstrels and instruments that generated the music of fourteenth-century Europe. Wilkins devotes special attention to the performative aspects of music during Chaucer's era, with special emphasis upon street performers and musical performances on festive and State occasions alike.

Williams, Gordon. Shakespeare, Sex, and the Print Revolution. London: Athlone, 1996.

Williams discusses the elements of sexuality in Shakespeare's works and the manner in which they were subsequently complicated and compromised during the print revolution. Drawing upon recently reconstructed classical sources, Williams creates a reconstituted notion of the sexual temptress, while forming a new concept of the Elizabethan prostitute out of Counter-Reformation propaganda materials. Williams argues that Shakespeare's theatrical scripts offer a means for addressing the sexual nature of the spoken and written word during the advent of the print revolution.

Willison, Ian, Warwick Gould, and Warren Cherniak, eds. Modernist Writers and the Marketplace. London: Macmillan, 1996.

Selections include Philip Horne's "Henry James and the Economy of the Short Story"; Gould's "'Playing at Treason with Miss Maud Gonne': Yeats and His Publishers in 1900"; Cedric Watts's "Marketing Modernism: How Conrad Prospered"; Robert Hampson's "Conrad, Curie, and The Blue Peter"; John Worthen's "D. H. Lawrence and the Expensive Edition Business"; Laura Marcus's "Virginia Woolf and the Hogarth Press"; Tony Sharpe's "T. S. Eliot and Ideas of Oeuvre"; Ronald Schuchard's "American Publishers and the Transmission of T. S. Eliot's Prose: A Sociology of English and American Editions"; Daniel Ferrer's "Joyce's Notebooks: Publicizing the Private Sphere of Writing"; Richard Taylor's "Towards a Textual Biography of The Cantos"; Peter L. Caracciolo's "The Metamorphoses of Wyndham Lewis's The Human Age: Medium, Intertextuality, Genre"; and Edward Bishop's "Re:Covering Modernism Format and Function in the Little Magazines."

Winship, Michael. American Literary Publishing in the Mid-Nineteenth Century: The Business of Ticknor and Fields. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1995.

Winship traces the development of American literary publishing during the mid-nineteenth century through a close analysis of the Boston-based firm, Ticknor and Fields. In addition to examining the firm's strides in its production, distribution, and marketing activities, Winship discusses the American book trade's close relationship with British publishing houses, as well as its abiding interest in widening America's boundaries to the west. Winship explores the firm's business records and publications in detail in an effort to provide a new understanding of the literary and cultural history of mid-nineteenth-century American life.

Woudhuysen, H. R. Sir Philip Sidney and the Circulation of Manuscripts, 1558-1640. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996.

Woudhuysen offers the first modern study of the production and circulation of manuscripts during the English Renaissance. In addition to addressing the complex interrelationship between manuscript and print, Woudhuysen affords special attention to the copying of verse, plays, and scholarly work by hand, with particular emphasis to the scribal works of Ralph Crane and Richard Robinson. Woudhuysen also explores Sir Philip Sidney's most significant manuscripts and discusses his role in both the circulation of his works and the promotion of a scribal culture.

Young, Susan. Shakespeare Manipulated: The Use of the Dramatic Works of Shakespeare in teatro di figura in Italy. Cranbury, NJ: Associated UP, 1996.

Young investigates the relation between Shakespeare and the Italian theatre of marionette, burattini, and pupi of his own lifetime, as well as the production of his works in the Italian genre of teatro di figura. In addition to addressing the double transformation of the playwright's works when they are performed in another language in a different theatrical genre, Young provides close readings of some seventy productions from the late eighteenth century through the present. Young supplements her study with transcriptions of two previously unpublished manuscripts of adaptations of Shakespearean texts for puppet theatre performed in 1881 and 1906.

Zhang, Xiao Yang. Shakespeare in China: A Comparative Study of Two Traditions and Cultures. Newark: U of Delaware P, 1996.

Zhang examines the interconnections between Shakespeare and traditional Chinese drama. In addition to assessing the playwright's impact upon Chinese culture, Zhang investigates Shakespeare's twentieth-century influence upon the nature of Chinese notions of tragedy and comedy; the dramatic deployment of time and space in Chinese theatre; Chinese characterization strategies; and the poetic qualities and use of imagery in Chinese dramatic works of this century. Zhang also discusses the metamorphosis of Shakespeare onto the Chinese stage, as well as his historical assimilation into the Chinese social and literary culture. Zhang concludes the volume with an appendix on "The Development of Traditional Chinese Drama."

Thanks must go to colleagues without whom this bibliography could not have been compiled. especially to Andrea E. Womack, and to Norman Vogt, head of the Acquisitions and Serials department, Northern Illinois University, and his staff.

William Baker, MLS, is professor, Department of English and University Libraries, Northern Illinois University. He edits George Eliot-George Henry Lewes Studies, and his The Letters of G. H. Lewes was recently published in the English Literary Studies series by the University of Victoria Press. He is currently editing the letters of Wilkie Collins.

Kenneth Womack will join the English department faculty at Penn State Altoona College this fall. His work has appeared in the Yearbook of Comparative and General Literature, Biography, and The Library Chronicle. He also serves a correspondent for the Worm Shakespeare Bibliography.

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