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Will Historic Inequities Ever Be Remedied? - Historically Black Colleges and Universities, standards - Statistical Data Included
Lydia LumBefore leaving office, Democrats and the Office of Civil Rights settled all but one desegregation case. Will Black colleges flounder in the postelection dust?
Picture this: A public school that was king of Black college football for many years, and also sports a marching band historically renowned. It draws nearly half of its 6,700 students from out of state and enjoys an enviable nursing and teacher certification passage rate.
Suddenly, accreditation officials refuse to give its blessing to Grambling State University in Louisiana, normally a rubber stamp-like process each decade for any university. Instead, accreditation officials ship out press releases about financial problems at the school amid the December holidays. Then days later, the college president quits.
REMEDYING INEQUITIES
Is it an isolated problem? Or, is it a symptom of a spreading illness? Is there a plague that could sweep states where dual, unequal systems of education once were revered? Granted, much progress has occurred. Before leaving office, Democrats settled all but one desegregation case between the federal Office of Civil Rights and various Southern and border states.
But now Republicans have assumed control of the White House. They control a slender margin in Congress. Could historically Black colleges flounder in the postelection dust? Are they going to continue being the unwanted stepchildren to predominantly White colleges? What are the Black schools actually getting from their states under the terms of these settlements?
The consequences are crucial. Nearly 80 percent of students attending historically Black colleges go to public institutions. However, several education observers say it's perhaps too early to guess, depending on who is tapped to fill key jobs such as the assistant attorney general for civil rights. But some say the Beltway influence still has its limitations.
"On a day-to-day basis, these schools are not run from Washington," says Ted Shaw, associate director/counsel for the NAACP's Legal Defense Fund. "And the truth is, both Democrats and Republicans have expressed a lot of rhetorical support for Black colleges. What I really wonder is, what standards this federal government is going to require these states to meet from now on?"
Indeed, those "standards" are the next chapter in a saga stretching several decades. Nineteen states were asked by the federal government in the 1970s and 1980s to craft plans erasing discrimination against their historically Black colleges and Black citizens. The chief components of the plans were to substantially integrate the student body, faculty and staffs of all campuses while strengthening the infrastructure and academic programs at the Black colleges.
This was part of federal officials' enforcement of Title VI of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, which bans discrimination in federally subsidized schools. So in those states, the federal Office of Civil Rights within the U.S. Department of Education monitored the progress in meeting these objectives. The Legal Defense Fund originally represented the plaintiffs, but later lost its standing to participate in the case, thus leaving a vacancy in the vital third party watchdog role for this type of litigation.
But by 1993, four of those 19 states -- Mississippi, Louisiana, Alabama and Tennessee -- were in court over exactly what was to be done to carry out this mandate. And OCR officials determined that seven other states either were not complying with state desegregation plans or not complying with federal standards. Those states were Ohio, Maryland, Florida, Texas, Kentucky, Virginia and Pennsylvania.
By the end of 2000, only Virginia still had unresolved issues with the OCR. Court orders dictated how Alabama and Tennessee should desegregate. Mississippi was still in court but is currently seeking an acceptable settlement with U.S. Rep. Bennie Thompson, D-Miss., and Attorney Alvin Chambliss Jr., who has represented the plaintiffs in the case from its earliest days. Louisiana and the other six states had signed consent decrees with the OCR. Each of those agreements called for the OCR to monitor various plans that are supposed to level the proverbial playing field between predominantly White colleges and their historically Black counterparts.
"That is the hope," says Raymond Pierce, who until late last year was deputy assistant secretary for the OCR for eight years. "I wouldn't have signed off on these plans if there wasn't a good chance of compliance."
In one of the higher-profile cases, the Ayers lawsuit in Mississippi, an offer has been made by the state that would, among other things, call for major capital improvements at Alcorn State, Jackson State and Mississippi Valley State universities. Other aspects include establishing new public and private endowments, strengthening academic programs and providing financial assistance for the summer developmental education programs. A spokesman for Rep. Thompson said a decision has not been made and "the offer remains on the table."
It is not known how many dollars the states had collectively committed to public Black colleges under the settlements. And like a nasty divorce, some terms remain to be hashed out, such as exact numbers of new courses and additional professors. Others will simply play out, such as whether recruiting more White students to the new rigorous academic programs at Black colleges actually will convince them to enroll. Nonetheless, the agreements are "hard and fast," Pierce says, despite the outcome of President George W. Bush's proposed budget cuts.
"The states are obligated to comply," Pierce says. "If the states have problems, they will need to go to the Education Department to get help complying."
Last month elected officials and education observers were reeling from a reorganization of education subcommittees in the U.S. House of Representatives that was close to derailing bipartisan cooperation. Under the reorganization, HBCU issues would be separate from most other higher education services. A new subcommittee on 21st Century Competitiveness was to oversee nearly all Higher Education Act programs, except for financial aid to historically Black colleges and Hispanic-serving institutions. The latter would be lumped with juvenile justice, child abuse and runaway youth programs in a Select Education subcommittee. Capitol Hill supporters said the new plan gave higher visibility to the minority schools, but opponents said it segregated them from higher education priorities.
However, on March 15, Democrats and Republicans ended their dispute over the jurisdiction of minority-serving institutions and agreed to move legislative jurisdiction over the minority school programs into the Competitiveness subcommittee, and keep general oversight of the programs in the Select Education subcommittee (see story).
Pierce said that before leaving Washington for his native Cleveland, where he is campaigning tbr mayor, he briefed Black lawmakers in various states about terms of the consent decrees.
"They can be the watchdogs," says Pierce, who also negotiated many of the consent decrees. "They can identify the bills that might be adverse to the consent decrees. After all, the states may see the opportunity to push back on fulfilling their federal civil rights obligations."
How effective that will be, remains to be seen. But in Texas, where state lawmakers are now convening, prospects of redistricting have consumed much of the hallway gossip. Even among higher education priorities, state budget writers there are focused on repeated requests by the University of Houston for money to hire more star faculty so they can better compete with flagships like the University of Texas and Texas A&M universities. UH has arguably the most ethnically diverse student enrolhnent in the region and still educates many first-generation college students. UT and Texas A&M are still predominantly White. Meanwhile, lobbyists for the historically Black Prairie View and Texas Southern universities jockey for attention amid the myriad other issues competing for lawmakers' attention before they recess in about two months until 2003.
Under Bush's six years as governor, Texas' spending per student at Prairie View and TSU increased. But whether that is tied to the OCR-brokered consent decree signed with Texas last year is anyone's guess. No one knows how long Pierce and others had been in serious negotiation with Texas officials, or whether the rapidly approaching end to former President Clinton's administration sped up negotiations with Texas and other states.
THE ROAD AHEAD
Politicking aside, life does move on at public Black colleges -- even if there are bumps in the road. At Grambling State University, leaders are trying to convince officials of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools by June that Grambling is financially stable and has adequate internal accounting procedures. In late December, SACS officials decided not to reaccredit Grambling because of concern over fiscal policies raised by Louisiana's legislative auditor. SACS officials will reconsider Grambling's status later this year.
For students, college accreditation is important because it means their academic degrees come from schools meeting peer-reviewed standards. Non-accredited institutions run the risk of losing their ability to participate in federal financial aid programs.
Grambling president Steve Favors resigned in early January (see Black Issues, Jan. 18). In a letter, Favors took credit for increasing the number of accredited academic programs, aggressive fund-raising and securing Clinton as a commencement speaker. But University of Louisiana System officials said Favors "was unable to follow" their olders to hire a chief financial officer and get Grambling's financial records in order, according to a press release. Dr. Neari Warner, a Grambling alumna and most recently its provost, is now the acting president.
Grambling officials insist the school remains on firm footing. They contend some data was lost in recent years when they converted from one computerized system to another, and there was no equivalent in the new system for some programs in the old system, says Dr. Curtis Baham, associate vice president for academic affairs. So administrators are now retrieving "anywhere up to a million pieces of paper" between now and the semester's end, Baham says.
"There is no doubt Grambling is financially stable," Baham says. "An audit is about more than money. It can be a chair in one building that's supposed to be in another building, and you get written up for it. What is important is that Grambling is able to pay its bills. It operates normally. We are not an institution failing financially. We are optimistic we can provide proof to SACS of financial stability."
Dr. M. Christopher Brown, who has published research about college desegregation in Southern and border states, believes Grambling's current troubles have more to do with larger problems facing all public Black colleges, before even considering OCR issues. This country simply has not produced a strong field of candidates to preside over HBCUs, far from glamorous positions, Brown says. HBCUs often enroll students relying on federal loans, while National Merit Scholars and children of wealthy alumni typically opt for predominantly White schools.
Consequently, public Black college leadership turnover is high. Some presidents in tact "are positioning the institutions for their demise," says Brown, a professor of higher education at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. Meanwhile, Alabama State University still lacks a president, following William Harris' departure last year. And President Frederick Humphries of Florida A&M University recently announced his resignation after 16 years.
But of course, the news from public Black colleges isn't all bad. The business school at South Carolina State University was recently accredited by the American Assembly of Colleges and Schools of Business. North Carolina A&T still pumps out the nation's highest numbers of Black engineers, giving its graduates one of the least expensive options to earning diplomas. At the same time, contributions from individuals and corporations continue trickling in to the Thurgood Marshall Scholarship Fund, a national fund-raising federation for public Black colleges, despite lingering misperceptions that giving to the United Negro College Fund is giving to all Black colleges, instead of just the private ones.
Bush, while still serving as Texas governor, has said that strengthening public Black colleges is important to give students "access to a quality, affordable education." Last May, while giving the commencement address at Prairie View A&M, he told the audience he would seek more resources for the school just northwest of Houston. In remarks made at the recent UNCF annual dinner, Education Secretary Dr. Roderick Paige affirmed his commitment to Black colleges. Paige is a product of Jackson State University, the largest of Mississippi's three Black public universities. The UNCF is the highly successful fund-raising arm of 42 Black private colleges and universities.
Brown, meanwhile, is cautiously optimistic about Bush's ascension to the White House mainly because of his selection of Paige as Education secretary. With an African American leading what is arguably the most important of the domestic cabinets, Brown believes Paige's leadership is crucial to ensuring that the states improve long-term funding of historically Black colleges. Paige was most recently superintendent of Houston public schools and is a former education dean of Texas Southern University.
"I'm very positive about Paige," Brown says, adding that he has never met him but has consulted others who do know him. "He is not a figurehead but has spent time in the trenches. He is not a politician but a K-16 administrator, based on his working for so long in K-12. And his experience in Black education is in public schools, not a private one like Fisk (University)."
What would be "highly disappointing," is if Paige didn't take advantage of his Cabinet position to help the states improve historically Black colleges, says Brown. "The Rod Paige selection speaks volumes," he says. "It adds so much credibility to the possibilities for this office. It keeps hope alive, even just in the symbolism."
Others echo Brown's wish that Paige assert himself on OCR issues.
"I would like to see him become more of a world figure, almost like a trade secretary," says Dr. Joyce Payne, director of the Office for the Advancement of Public Black Colleges. "I would like to see him sitting down with his counterparts in other countries to talk about education. I'm not sure right now we have that kind of secretary (in Paige) but I hope he emerges. He can make a compelling argument for the Black colleges. We cannot continue to relegate Blacks to the underclass without hurting human capital."
Payne's office serves the American Association of State Colleges and Universities as well as the National Association of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges. She says she hopes Black churches take up the call to demand improvements for Black higher education, much as the church once got involved with the civil rights movement in decades past.
Certainly, some things are obvious. Even with a hard-liner such as John Ashcroft as attorney general, Bush has a chance to prove that he actually is not weak on civil rights, Pierce and others say.
"Bush has said he realizes and appreciates the role of the historically Black college," Pierce says. "Now he has the opportunity to put substance behind those words."
Matching Up But Not Catching Up
Figures include state research and extension formula funds and state
matching funds in dollars (2000-2001)
Matching and Other
1890 Institutions State Support(*)
Alabama A&M University $4,354,243
Alcorn State University 6,161,338
Delaware State University 441,553
Florida A&M University 1,183,034
Fort Valley State University 1,938,970
Kentucky State University 1,468,345
Lincoln University (Mo.) 1,742,527
Langston University 1,141,339
North Carolina A&T State University 2,251,489
Prairie View A&M University 2,301,904
South Carolina State University 1,155,782
Southern University and A&M College 1,149,216
Tennessee State University 1,709,115
Tuskegee University 912,417
University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff 1,179,628
University of Maryland -- Eastern Shore 812,623
Virginia State University 2,499,160
Total $32,402,683
1862 Land-Grant Estimated Matching
Institutions and Other State
Support
Auburn University System --
Mississippi State University $63,867,000
University of Delaware 1,278,000
University of Florida 109,217,000
University of Georgia 84,043,000
University of Kentucky(**) 48,843,000
University of Missouri System --
Oklahoma State University 44,279,000
North Carolina State University 86,211,000
Texas A&M University 150,946,000
Clemson University 52,214,000
Louisiana State University and A&M College 78,298,000
University of Tennessee -- Knoxville 43,022,000
Auburn University System --
University of Arkansas -- Fayetteville 54,818,000
University of Maryland -- College Park --
Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State College --
Total $825,763,000
(*) Land-grant state support refers to funds that are provided, by the
state, to qualifying institutions. Part of this state support includes
funds that match federal support provided by the U.S. Department of
Agriculture. The state percent match in fiscal year 2001 will be used
to determine how much federal aid the institution will receive in the
upcoming fiscal year.
(**) 1999-2000 figures
SOURCE: BLACK ISSUES ANALYSIS OF NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR STATE
UNIVERSITIES AND LAND-GRANT COLLEGES AND GRAPEVINE DATA.
COMPILED BY SOPHIA KELLMAN-CAVUSOGLU
African American Doctorates (All Disciplines Combined)
The following institutions awarded the most doctorate degrees to
African Americans in the 1997-1998 academic year, According to the
Thurgood Marshall Scholarship Fund, 43 percent of these degree
recipients attended historically Black colleges and universities.
Institution State 1996-97 Men Women
1 NOVA SOUTHEASTERN
UNIVERSITY Fla 76 12 65
2 HOWARD UNIV. D.C. 63 25 39
3 VIRGINIA UNION UNIV. Va. 5 48 15
4 UNITED THEOLOGICAL
SEMINARY -- DAYTON Ohio 55 34 16
5 CLARK ATLANTA UNIV. Ga 21 13 28
6 VIRGINIA POLY INSTITUTE AND
STATE UNIVERSITY Va. 24 3 30
7 HARVARD UNIV. Mass. 25 12 20
8 FLORIDA STATE UNIV. Fla 23 17 14
9 THE UNION INSTITUTE
-- CINCINNATI Ohio 25 11 19
10 TEACHERS COLLEGE
-- COLUMBIA UNIV. N.Y. 21 11 18
11 TEMPLE UNIV. Pa. 19 12 17
12 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
-- ANN ARBOR Mich. 30 8 19
12 MICHIGAN STATE
UNIVERSITY Mich. 21 8 19
12 OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY
-- MAIN CAMPUS Ohio 25 11 16
15 JACKSON STATE UNIV. Miss 9 7 15
16 NORTH CAROLINA STATE
UNIVERSITY N.C. 21 9 12
16 PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY
-- UNIVERSITY PARK Pa. 15 10 11
18 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
-- LOS ANGELES Calif. 10 8 12
18 GEORGE WASHINGTON
UNIVERSITY D.C. 13 2 18
18 UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI-
MAIN CAMPUS Ohio 15 6 14
21 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND
-- COLLEGE PARK Md. 34 8 11
22 UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA
-- CHAPEL HILL N.C. 14 5 14
23 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
URBANA -- CHAMPAIGN III. 24 7 11
24 NORTHWESTERN
UNIVERSITY III. 15 7 10
24 WAYNE STATE UNIV. Mich. 15 9 8
26 UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN
MISSISSIPPI Miss. 4 5 12
27 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
-- BERKELEY Calif. 17 9 7
27 UNIV. OF FLORIDA Fla. 17 6 10
30 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH
-- PITTSBURGH CAMPUS Pa. 17 7 8
31 UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA
-- BIRMINGHAM Ala. 9 5 9
31 RUTGERS UNIVERSITY
-- NEW BRUNSWICK N.J. 7 3 11
31 UNIVERSITY OF
PENNSYLVANIA Pa. 14 5 9
31 MEHARRY MEDICAL
COLLEGE Tenn. 8 4 10
35 AMERICAN
UNIVERSITY D.C. 2 6 7
35 GEORGIA STATE
UNIVERSITY Ga. 8 5 8
35 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
-- CHICAGO III. 5 6 7
35 SAINT LOUIS UNIV. Mo. 14 4 9
35 CUNY-GRADUATE SCHOOL AND
UNIVERSITY CENTER N.Y. 20 8 5
35 UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA
-- COLUMBIA S.C. 20 5 8
35 SOUTH CAROLINA STATE
UNIVERSITY S.C. 1 6 7
35 OLD DOMINION
UNIVERSITY Va. 5 3 10
35 STANFORD
UNIVERSITY Calif. 19 9 4
44 UNIV. OF SARASOTA Fla. 6 4 8
44 VANDERBILT UNIV. Tenn. 5 5 7
46 ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY
-- MAIN CAMPUS Ariz. 3 6 5
46 UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA Calif. -- 3 8
46 UNIV. OF IOWA Iowa 13 4 7
46 JOHNS HOPKINS
UNIVERSITY Md. 8 4 7
46 NEW YORK UNIV. N.Y. 18 5 6
46 EASTERN BAPTIST THEOLOGICAL
SEMINARY Pa. 1 9 2
46 UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN
-- MADISON Wisc. 14 4 7
Institution State Total % grads %Chg
NOVA SOUTHEASTERN
UNIVERSITY Fla 77 14.4 1.3
HOWARD UNIV D.C. 64 67.4 1.6
VIRGINIA UNION UNIV. Va. 63 96.9 1160
UNITED THEOLOGICAL
SEMINARY -- DAYTON Ohio 50 66.7 -9.1
CLARK ATLANTA UNIV. Ga 41 89.1 95.2
VIRGINIA POLY INSTITUTE AND
STATE UNIVERSITY Va. 33 9.5 37.5
HARVARD UNIV. Mass. 32 4.1 28.0
FLORIDA STATE UNIV. Fla 31 10.3 34.8
THE UNION INSTITUTE
-- CINCINNATI Ohio 30 11.5 20.0
TEACHERS COLLEGE
-- COLUMBIA UNIV. N.Y. 29 12.9 38.1
TEMPLE UNIV. Pa. 29 10.2 52.6
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
-- ANN ARBOR Mich. 27 3.9 -10.0
MICHIGAN STATE
UNIVERSITY Mich. 27 6.0 28.6
OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY
-- MAIN CAMPUS Ohio 27 4.3 8.0
JACKSON STATE UNIV. Miss 22 75.9 144.4
NORTH CAROLINA STATE
UNIVERSITY N.C. 21 6.5 0.0
PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY
-- UNIVERSITY PARK Pa. 21 3.7 40.0
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
-- LOS ANGELES Calif. 20 3.3 100.0
GEORGE WASHINGTON
UNIVERSITY D.C. 20 10.5 53.8
UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI-
MAIN CAMPUS Ohio 20 7.3 33.3
UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND
-- COLLEGE PARK Md. 19 4.0 -44.1
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA
-- CHAPEL HILL N.C 19 5.0 35.7
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
URBANA -- CHAMPAIGN III. 18 2.6 -25.0
NORTHWESTERN
UNIVERSITY III. 17 4.6 13.3
WAYNE STATE UNIV. Mich. 17 8.3 13.3
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN
MISSISSIPPI Miss. 17 15.2 325.0
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
-- BERKELEY Calif. 16 2.1 -5.9
UNIV. OF FLORIDA Fla. 16 1.9 -5.9
UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH
-- PITTSBURGH CAMPUS Pa. 15 4.0 -11.8
UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA
-- BIRMINGHAM Ala. 14 10.1 55.6
RUTGERS UNIVERSITY
-- NEW BRUNSWICK N.J. 14 3.5 100.0
UNIVERSITY OF
PENNSYLVANIA Pa. 14 3.2 0.0
MEHARRY MEDICAL
COLLEGE Tenn. 14 93.3 75.0
AMERICAN
UNIVERSITY D.C. 13 18.1 550.0
GEORGIA STATE
UNIVERSITY Ga. 13 9.4 62.5
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
-- CHICAGO III. 13 6.0 160.0
SAINT LOUIS UNIV. Mo. 13 9.8 -7.1
CUNY-GRADUATE SCHOOL AND
UNIVERSITY CENTER N.Y. 13 4.0 -35.0
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA
-- COLUMBIA S.C. 13 5.3 -35.0
SOUTH CAROLINA STATE
UNIVERSITY S.C. 13 54.2 1200
OLD DOMINION
UNIVERSITY Va. 13 16.3 160.0
STANFORD
UNIVERSITY Calif. 13 2.2 -31.6
UNIV. OF SARASOTA Fla. 12 14.1 100.0
VANDERBILT UNIV. Tenn. 12 5.6 140.0
ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY
-- MAIN CAMPUS Ariz. 11 3.9 266.7
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA Calif. 11 2.2
UNIV. OF IOWA Iowa 11 3.4 -15.4
JOHNS HOPKINS
UNIVERSITY Md. 11 3.1 37.5
NEW YORK UNIV. N.Y. 11 2.5 -38.9
EASTERN BAPTIST THEOLOGICAL
SEMINARY Pa. 11 40.7 1000
UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN
-- MADISON Wisc. 11 1.5 -214
SOURCE: BLACK IN HIGHER EDUCATION ANALYSIS OF U.S. DEPARTMENT OF
EDUCATION REPORTS OF DATA SUBMITTED BY INSTITUTIONS. RANKINGS ARE
BASED ON THE THIRD REVIEW OF 1997-98 PRELIMINARY DATA
Appropriations of state tax funds for operating expenses of higher
education in 18 Southern and border states
Selected fiscal years, with percentage of change over the most recent
year and 10 years (in thousands of dollars)
FY 1990-1991 FY 2000-2001 10-Year Change
Alabama $815,623 $1,159,193 42.1%
Arkansas 328,904 618,127 87.9
Delaware 117,429 185,840 58.3
Florida 1,548,285 2,829,525 82.8
Georgia 961,283 1,600,329 66.5
Kentucky 609,228 1,001,625 64.4
Louisiana 585,703 880,064 50.3
Maryland 809,926 1,174,603 45.0
Mississippi 398,467 881,827 121.3
Missouri 602,146 1,027,548 70.6
North Carolina 1,484,279 2,398,489 61.6
Ohio 1,472,920 2,206,398 49.8
Oklahoma 499,621 779,672 56.1
Pennsylvania 1,395,732 2,005,364 43.7
South Carolina 638,296 880,120 37.9
Tennessee 711,978 1,039,373 46.0
Texas 2,579,342 4,029,799 56.2
Virginia 1,068,485 1,629,776 52.5
FY 1999-2000 FY 2000-2001 1-Year-Change
Alabama $1,100,328 $1,159,193 5.3%
Arkansas 605,216 618,127 2.1
Delaware 175,621 185,840 5.8
Florida 2,639,821 2,829,525 7.2
Georgia 1,553,588 1,600,329 3.0
Kentucky 925,506 1,001,625 8.2
Louisiana 882,798 880,064 (0.3)
Maryland 1,044,250 1,174,603 12.5
Mississippi 877,821 881,827 0.5
Missouri 977,626 1,027,548 5.1
North Carolina 2,270,323 2,398,489 5.6
Ohio 2,063,007 2,206,398 7.0
Oklahoma 740,544 779,672 5.3
Pennsylvania 1,876,807 2,005,364 6.8
South Carolina 812,709 880,120 8.3
Tennessee 984,860 1,039,373 5.5
Texas 4,072,434 4,029,799 (1.0)
Virginia 1,481,579 1,629,776 10.0
SOURCE: GRAPEVINE -- A NATIONAL DATABASE FOR TAX SUPPORT
OF HIGHER EDUCATION
COMPILED BY SOPHIA KELLMAN-CAVUSOGLU
Appropriations of state tax funds for operating expenses of higher
education in Southern and border states -- per capita funding
(in dollars)
1890 Land-Grant
State Institution FY2000-01 Per Student(*)
Alabama Alabama A&M University $31,759,000 5,778
Arkansas University of Arkansas
at Pine Bluff 19,950,000 6,563
Delaware Delaware State
University 28,347,000 8,973
Florida Florida A&M University 83,634,000 6,922
Georgia Fort Valley State
University 21,274,000 8,004
Kentucky Kentucky State
University 20,028,000 8,369
Louisiana Southern University
and A&M College,
Baton Rouge 43,026,000 4,604
Maryland University of Maryland
-- Eastern Shore 22,474,000 7,491
Mississippi Alcorn State University 28,044,000 9,667
Missouri Lincoln University 18,553,000 5,543
North Carolina North Carolina A&T
State University -- --
Ohio Central State
University(**) 17,762,000 15,719
Oklahoma Langston University 12,895,000 3,683
Pennsylvania Lincoln University(**) 12,942,000 6,445
South Carolina South Carolina State
University 25,346,000 5,483
Tennessee Tennessee State
University 33,940,000 3,841
Texas Prairie View A&M
University 28,054,000 4,474
Virginia Virginia State
University 25,499,000 5,926
Total $473,527,000 6,064
State 1862 Land Grant FY2000-01 Per
Institution Student(*)
Alabama Auburn University System $186,405,000 8,427
Arkansas University of Arkansas --
Fayetteville 226,378,000 14,926
Delaware University of Delaware 101,531,000 4,788
Florida University of Florida 517,939,000 11,939
Georgia University of Georgia 410,651,000 13,285
Kentucky University of Kentucky
Louisiana Louisiana State 291,002,000 12,619
University and A&M
College 338,540,000 10,700
Maryland University of Maryland --
College Park 333,110,000 10,136
Mississippi Mississippi State
University 157,565,000 9,801
Missouri University of Missouri
System 474,664,000 20,701
North Carolina North Carolina State
University 356,914,000 12,742
Ohio The Ohio State University 429,400,000 8,945
Oklahoma Oklahoma State University 208,158,000 9,906
Pennsylvania The Pennsylvania State
University 331,949,000 8,164
South Carolina Clemson University 162,250,000 9,554
Tennessee University of Tennessee
-- Knoxville 334,179,000 12,641
Texas Texas A&M University 214,998,000 4,907
Virginia Virginia Polytechnic
Institute & State
University 182,499,000 6,539
Total $5,258,132,000 10,266
(*) Student population is based on Fall 1999 total enrollment based on
National Center for Education Statistics data.
(**) Institution is not an 1890 land-grant college or university.
SOURCE: BLACK ISSUES ANALYSIS OF GRAPEVINE DATA. GRAPEVINE IS A CENTER
FOR HIGHER EDUCATION AND EDUCATIONAL FINANCE AND IS A NATIONAL DATABASE
OF TAX SUPPORT FOR HIGHER EDUCATION.
COMPILED BY SOPHIA KELLMAN-CAVUSOGLU
COPYRIGHT 2001 Cox, Matthews & Associates
COPYRIGHT 2001 Gale Group