Industrial and analytical instruments - 1991 U.S. Industrial Outlook

Industrial and Analytical Instruments

The major product areas included in the industrial and analytical instrument industry are laboratory instruments and apparatus, measuring and controlling instruments, and instruments to measure electricity. Instruments comprise a significant portion of expenditures under both research and development (R&D) programs and investment in new plant and equipment, and shipments generally parallel capital investment and R&D funding. The slight 1990 sales decrease followed the 4 percent rise of 1989. The decline in instrument product shipments was caused by a drop in electrical test instrument shipments, while other instrumentation areas experienced modest growth.

Before reading this chapter, please see "How to Get the Most Out of This Book" on page 1. It will clarify questions you may have concerning data collection procedures, factors affecting trade data, forecasting methodology, the use of constant dollars, the difference between industry and product data, sources and references, and the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system. For other topics related to the subject of this chapter, see chapters 5 (Construction), 12 (Chemicals and Allied Products) 19 (Metalworking Equipment), 22 (Aerospace), 28 (Computer Equipment and Software), and 45 (Drugs).

Increased spending for real plant and equipment has supported industrial and analytical instrument sales. Facing a growing import challenge and increased competition in foreign markets, many U.S. manufacturers have invested in new and improved production facilities to allow them to remain competitive. Instrument sales also are supported as U.S. industries strive to limited pollution and waste from their production processes.

The rate of R&D growth continued to show in 1990, with private funds estimated to have increased less than 10 percent while government expenditures grew 4 percent. Industrial sectors that have shown strong R&D support in recent years include computers, software, office-equipment and biotechnology. Whereas earlier R&D efforts focused on new product development, U.S. manufacturers are now allocating a larger percentage of funds to meet environmental and product safety requirements as government regulation and liability concerns increase.

The instrument industry continues to be influenced by microprocessor and computer technology. As more microprocessor-controlled "smart" instruments are developed, there is a growing trend toward more accuracy in measurements and augmenting computer networks to coordinate the instruments and the processes they control. These networks are being tied into larger plant and company information management systems allowing for more efficient and effective utilization of production processes. Domestic instrument manufacturers are beginning to face stiff competition from U.S. computer and software companies as the importance of network and data management systems increases. Improvements in sensor technology will allow for more accurate readings which will improve analysis and control of materials and products and lead to additional use of microprocessor-driven instruments and networks.

INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS

As domestic instrument market growth has slowed, exports have begun to play an increasing role in instrument industry sales. Exports are estimated to have comprised 29 percent of 1990 instrument shipments, providing most of the growth in that area. In 1989, exports represented 27 percent of industry shipments. Instrument exports increased 10 percent in 1990 while imports inched up 2 percent. Continued rapid export growth supported further improvement in the U.S. instrument trade surplus, which rose to $4.2 billion in 1990 from $3.5 billion in 1989.

The European Community (EC) imported $2.6 billion in U.S. instruments in 1990. U.S. imports of EC instruments grew only 3 percent to $1.5 billion. The EC thus continued to provide a significant share of the U.S. instrument trade surplus. The rate of increase in EC demand slowed, however, to 5.6 percent in 1990 from almost 10 percent in 1989.

The EC effort to create a single, unified market by 1992 provides U.S. instrument manufacturers with an opportunity to increase their penetration of the European market. With more than 325 million people and a nearly $4.5 trillion economy, the unified EC will offer the largest single market in the world. The elimination of multiple customs requirements, standards, and regulatory procedures is expected to stimulate substantial economic growth, generating related increases in capital and R&D expenditures.

While these changes could help U.S. firms sell in Europe, they also should result in increased competition from European and other instrument producing countries. If U.S. instrument manufacturers are to continue a substantial trade surplus with Europe, they will have to move quickly to take advantage of the opportunities presented. Firms that wait until 1992 to pursue burgeoning European markets will probably find they are too late. U.S. manufacturers should monitor EC activities to ensure that standards and rules of origin are not used as barriers to U.S. instrument sales.

Canada grew in importance in U.S. instrument trade in 1990. Exports of U.S. instruments of Canada rose to $1.4 billion, while imports of Canadian instruments increased to just over $400 million. The U.S. instrument trade surplus with Canada grew to $1 billion in 1990. The U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement and capital investments related to it may have contributed to the increase in instrument trade between the two countries. Available 1990 trade information is incomplete, however, and thus cannot provide a definitive explanation of the increase.

Japan continues to be a major instrument trading partner for the U.S., although both exports and imports fell in 1990. U.S. exports to Japan declined to $1.18 billion from $1.26 billion in 1989 while imports dropped to $1.38 billion from $1.47 billion. The U.S. trade deficit with Japan in 1990 was $193 million, down from $211 million in 1989. The drop in exports to Japan was limited to instruments to measure electricity while the drop in imports was in both instruments to measure electricity and laboratory instruments and apparatus. U.S. trade with Japan in instruments to measure electricity appears to have been affected by Japanese investment in U.S. production facilities and a lull in Japanese construction of semiconductor production facilities in preparation for a switch from 1 megabit (Mb) to 4 and 16 Mb technologies.

(Note: The 1989 implementation of the Harmonized System (HS) for the categorization of exports and imports significantly changed the manner in which trade data were classified. As a result, 1989 and 1990 trade data are not directly comparable with prior statistics. Comparison of 1989 and 1990 data with earlier year trade information is provided as a rough guide to trade trends and should not be relied upon for detailed analysis. In addition, the method for gathering data used to determine U.S. exports to Canada was changed in 1990. Although the new data more accurately report the level of such trade in 1990, it also exaggerates the rate of growth in U.S. exports to Canada between 1989 and 1990. The change is also likely to have overstated the rate of growth of total U.S. exports in all instrument categories for that period. Please see chapter 1, "How to Get the Most Out of This Book" for a more detailed explanation of this change.)

Outlook for 1991

Instrument industry shipment should grow by nearly 2 percent in constant-dollar values in 1991, compared to the 1 percent decline in 1990. Exports are expected to provide a significant share of sales growth with moderate domestic economic expansion and slightly increased R&D expenditures also contributing. Imports are not expected to increase significantly during the year. Total R&D spending may fall and impede instrument sales increases if U.S. Government R&D expenditures are cut substantially. U.S. economic growth and thus instrument sales could slump if oil import costs continue to rise.

Long-Term Prospects

Moderate economic growth and increases in R&D combined with expanding exports are expected to bolster U.S. instrument shipments in the years ahead. While the constant-collar rate of expansion for 1992 and 1993 is expected to be a relatively modest 2 percent, slightly larger increases are expected in 1994 and 1995.

Factors supporting growth will include stronger environmental protection requirements and pressure on manufacturers to improve the quality of their production processes and products. Instruments will continue to improve in the number of substances they are able to analyze, the specificity with which they can identify the nature and amount of the substances they detect, and in their ability to analyze and communicate findings to instrument networks and computer-driven integrated management systems. Manufacturers will have to upgrade their instrumentation systems to keep pace with customer quality and service requirements.

In addition to traditional export partners, U.S. instrument manufacturers should be looking at potential markets in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. As those nations rebuild their economies and export controls are relaxed, major opportunities should arise for instrument sales, especially in the process control area. Although the current state of these economies will limit short-term sales, U.S. firms that begin establishing relationships now will be more likely to have success when trade does increase. - Lewis R. Podolske, Office of Microelectronics and Instrumentation, (202) 377-3360, October 1990.

LABORATORY INSTRUMENTS AND

APPARATUS

The laboratory instruments and apparatus category is made up of four industries: laboratory apparatus and furniture (SIC 3821), including balances, centrifuges, and dryers; analytical instruments (SIC 3826), such as chromatographs, spectrometers and photometers; optical instruments and components (SIC 3827), with lenses, microscopes, telescopes, and profile projectors; and measuring and controlling instruments not included in other classifications (SIC 3829), including surveying, mechanical property testing, hydrometer, and radiation detection instruments.

Total product shipments for these industries reached nearly $12.2 billion in 1990 compared with $11.5 billion in 1989, an increase of more than 2.6 percent in constant-dollar value. Domestic market growth was responsible for much of the gain while exports continued to provide stimulus for increased laboratory instruments and apparatus shipments. U.S. exports rose from $4.3 billion in 1989 to $4.7 billion in 1990, up 9.8 percent. During the same period, imports grew from $2.66 billion to $2.73 billion, a 2.5 percent increase. The 1990 trade surplus reached $2 billion, nearly 22 percent higher than the 1.65 billion 1989 figure.

U.S. laboratory instruments and apparatus sales were fueled by continued modest investment in new plant and equipment by domestic manufacturers and increases in private sector and government R&D expenditures. The analytical instruments industry led this sector with 1990 shipments expanding nearly 8 percent to $4.6 billion compared with less than $4.3 billion in 1989. These increases amounted to more than 4 percent in constant-dollar value. Measuring and controlling instrument industry shipments were up more than 6 percent to $4.5 billion, which equates to 2.8 percent growth in constant-dollar terms. Optical instruments and components and laboratory apparatus shipments rose 4.3 percent representing minimal constant-dollar increases.

Expansion of laboratory instruments and apparatus shipments was supported by healthy growth in the pharmaceutical, food processing, and bio-technology industries. Limited increases in R&D and investment in plant and equipment by the chemical and petroleum industries, major users of such equipment, also helped sales, while public utility purchases were relatively flat. Environmental monitoring and new materials research continued to expand across a number of industries, while private testing laboratories, including drug analysis, are a growing market.

Government R&D expenditures continue to support laboratory instruments and apparatus sales. The focus of these efforts however, is shifting toward such major projects as the Superconducting Super Collider, the Strategic Defense Initiative, and AIDS research, with less emphasis on more traditional research programs. Government R&D spending increases have been moderated by budget constraints.

The U.S. analytical instrument industry continues to be the world leader in both sales and technology development. Areas of product development include automation of sample preparation and handling, increased sensitivity and speed in analysis, and the incorporation of instruments into laboratory and company data management systems. Laboratory instrument manufacturers are penetrating traditional process control markets with on-line analytical instruments as their customers require faster and more accurate data to improve control of production processes for better quality and less waste. At the same time, computer companies and software producers are beginning to compete in some analytical instrument markets, especially in the areas of networking and integrated data management systems.

High performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE) instruments continue to exhibit strong growth potential, especially as the difficulties associated with a new technology are resolved. The miniaturization of instruments continues to be a major focus as the cost of laboratory space and the need to place instruments "on-line" for faster and more accurate measurements continues. Improvements in sensor technology also are expected to be an area of concentration as manufacturers seek instruments with greater sensitivity, an improved ability to operate in harsh environments, and the capability to communicate to instruments, networks, and data management systems.

The optical instruments and components industry is of major importance to numerous military and commercial technologies. The U.S. optics industry continues to face strong international competition while both imports and exports declined in 1990. Imports account for more than one-third of U.S. optics purchases. In 1990, U.S. optics imports totalled $807 million, while exports were $705 million.

The need to integrate optical instruments and devices into networks and operating data systems provides domestic manufacturers with an opportunity to regain optics market share if they are able to utilize U.S. leadership in microprocessor, computer and software technology. Visible diode later (VDL) technology offers a combination of small size, ruggedness, and low power requirements and should be an area of rapid technological development and market growth. In another cross-industry area of development, lasers and electro-optics are expected to find increasing use in analytical instrument applications because of their potential for combining greater accuracy and smaller size.

INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS

As U.S. economic growth slows, exports continue to play a major role in laboratory instruments and apparatus sales, accounting for more than 35 percent of industry shipments. The EC is the largest U.S. trading partner in laboratory instruments. U.S. sales to the EC increase 9 percent, to $1.5 billion in 1990, nearly a third of all exports. U.S. imports from the EC were $936 million, up 8 percent from 1989. The U.S. trade surplus with the EC grew from $519 million in 1989 to $576 million in 1990.

Canada continues to be an important trading partner in the laboratory instrument area in 1990. U.S. exports to Canada increased to $611 million in 1990. Imports from Canada during this period grew from $123 million in 1989 to $137 million in 1990, thereby increasing the U.S. trade surplus with Canada to $474 million. U.S. trade with Canada was marked by expansion in exports of analytical instruments, optical instruments, and measuring and controlling instruments not elsewhere classified.

Japan remains a major contributor to U.S. laboratory instrument trade. U.S. exports to Japan rose to $695 million in 1990, up 2 percent from $683 million in 1989. Imports from Japan actually dropped 6 percent, from $1.07 billion in 1989 to $1.01 billion in 1990. The laboratory instruments trade deficit with Japan remained significant, at $312 million.

Outlook for 1991

Laboratory instrument shipments should experience slightly higher growth, expanding 3.7 percent in constant-dollar value in 1991. This forecast is predicated on continued moderate growth in the economy, slowly increasing U.S. manufacturer plant and equipment investments and R&D expenditures, and increased Government R&D. Foreign markets will provide a significant share of 1991 sales, with U.S. exports expected to grow more than 9 percent.

Long-Term Prospects

The laboratory instruments and apparatus industries should experience stable growth at about a 4 percent constant-dollar rate through 1995. Moderate growth in the economy and in capital and R&D expenditures combined with increase emphasis on environmental monitoring, energy conservation, and new materials development should stimulate domestic markets. The need for new technological approaches to meet the requirements of the pharmaceutical and bio-medical industries will also support growth. Major government R&D programs should support additional product development and market growth if they remain strongly funded. Additional opportunities will arise as laboratory instruments make further inroads into traditional process control markets. Producers of optical instruments and components will face continued stronger international competition and the prospect of a further decline in market share.

Exports will continue to provide a significant share of the growth in shipments of laboratory instruments, even though U.S. manufacturers will encounter challenges from foreign competitors. EC 92 will offer significant opportunities for greater U.S. participation in that market, and the economic liberalization of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union should provide additional sales as the rebuilding of those economies progresses. - Lewis R. Podolske, Office of Microelectronics and Instrumentation, (202) 377-3360, October 1990.

MEASURING AND CONTROLLING

INSTRUMENTS

Three industries comprise this category: environmental controls (SIC 3822), including thermostats and heating/air conditioning system controls; process controls (SIC 3823), such as meters to measure rates of liquid or gas flow, instruments to measure liquid levels and pressure gauges for the automatic control of production processes; and fluid meters and counting devices (SIC 3824), with gas and liquid meters and speedometers. Product shipments for this category rose to $10.2 billion in 1990 from $9.7 billion in 1989, an increase of less than 2 percent in constant-dollar value. This sluggish expansion was common to all three industries as only fluid meters and counting devices exhibited more than 2 percent growth. Exports were responsible for a major portion of growth in shipments, rising from $1.44 billion in 1989 to $1.87 billion in 1990. In the case of environmental controls, the increase in exports, $130 million, was greater than the $105 million total increase in product shipments.

U.S. measuring and controlling instruments sales were supported by continued moderate increases in new plant and equipment investment by domestic manufacturers. Sales also are closely related to the fortunes of the major processing industries. Expansion in the pharmaceutical, food processing, petroleum, and chemical industries led the way in purchases of measuring and controlling instruments purchasers. Sales of the pulp and paper and utility industries were more restrained in 1990.

Residential and nonresidential construction continued to decline in 1990, slowing sales of environmental controls that are used primarily to control heating and air conditioning systems. The existing glut in downtown office buildings was joined by slowdowns in residential and suburban commercial construction. Home improvement activities were the only growth area in private residential contruction while industrial buildings and hotels provided increases in nonresidential construction.

The measuring and controlling instrument industries face the strongest challenge from the trend to incorporate microprocessors into instruments and tie those instruments into networks and data/production management systems. Encountering strong import and price competition, U.S. manufacturers require instrumentation systems that provide more accurate measurements, conduct analysis, and identify problems and correct those problems quickly, preferably in real time. Microprocessors help to meet those needs. They enable individual instruments to measure more quickly and accurately, allow the development of multifunction instruments, improve the ability of instruments to communicate their measurements, and permit the networking of instruments and their incorporation into process and data management systems. U.S. measuring and controlling instrument producers face the challenge of creating their own lines of microprocessor controlled instruments, networks, and data management systems or else teaming with computer and software companies to jointly develop such products. Computer manufacturers have already established a strong presence in the measuring and controlling industry through their PC and professional engineering product lines while software companies are expanding their efforts in network integration and control. The need for greater accuracy and "smarter" instruments is also allowing analytical and scientific instrument manufacturers to expand into the measuring and control area.

INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS

With domestic markets stagnating, U.S. measuring and controlling instrument producers derived most of their sales growth from exports. While industry shipments incrased 5 percent to $10.6 billion in 1990, exports apparently grew 30 percent to $1.9 billion. Changes in the manner in which 1990 exports to Canada were determined possibly exaggerated their growth. The reported $430 million rise in exports would account for almost all of the $500 million gain in industry shipments. During this same period, imports expanded 5.5 percent to $1.3 billion.

Canada became the leading U.S. trading partner in measuring and controlling instruments in 1990. Exports to Canada grew to $579 million, while imports increased 27 percent, to $219 million. The resulting $360 million trade surplus accounted for more than 60 percent of the total U.S. trade surplus in measuring and controlling instruments. Exports to Canada rose in most sectors, with the greatest increase taking place in fluid meters and counting devices. Imports from Canada rose significantly only in environmental controls where they almost doubled.

The EC continued as a major factor in U.S. measuring and controlling instruments trade with 1990 exports growing 8 percent to $395 million while imports fell 5 percent to $373 million. The U.S. thus shifted to a trade surplus with the EC after running a deficit in 1989. Exports increased in process control instruments while imports of environmental controls declined.

Japan is a smaller trading partner in these products than Canada and the EC, but still manages to run a significant trade surplus with U.S. Imports from Japan grew 9 percent, to $232 million in 1990, while U.S. exports to Japan rose only 4 percent, to $122 million. Increased imports were concentrated in environmental controls and fluid meters and counting devices. U.S. exports fell in environmental controls and increased in process controls.

Outlook for 1991

Measuring and controlling instruments should experience limited growth in 1991, with product shipments expected to increase less than 1.5 percent in constant-dollar terms. The environmental control industry is expected to lag behind as continuing construction industry weakness limits sales. Construction of nonresidential commercial and industrial projects, users of the most sophisticated and costly environmental control syustems, are expected to be hardest hit. The slowdown in the commercial and industrial construction industries is expected to affect sales of environmental control systems particularly hard. The slowdown in industrial construction is expected to retard shipments of process controls and fluid meters and counting devices. Although export growth will be less strong than in 1990, exports are expected to provide most of the stimulus for shipment increases.

Long-Term Prospects

Growth in the measuring and controlling instruments sector will continue to be limited through 1995. Shipments are expected to increase at a compound rate of 2 percent a year in constant-dollar terms. Lingering weakness in the construction industry will depress sales of environmental controls. Export opportunities in the EC, Eastern Europe, and the Soviet Union should help to

compensate for weakness in the domestic market.

Process controls and fluid meters and counting devices should benefit from continued investment in plant and equipment upgrades as U.S. manufacturers encounter increased foreign competition. The extent to which U.S. producers improve their products to meet the needs of their customer base will determine the degree to which they maintain their market share in the face of strong international competition and challenges from the computer, software, and analytical instrument industries.

The economic intergration of Western Europe and the opening of East European and Soviet Union markets offer strong potential to U.S. producers. EC92 will simplify U.S. manufacturers' approach to Europe as they meet a single set of requirements rather than numerous country-specific regulations. The effort to modernize the Eastern bloc economies will require massive investments in measuring and controlling instruments. If U.S. firms move quickly to position themselves, they should obtain a significant share of these markets. - Lewis R. Podolske, Office of Microelectronics and Instrumentation, (202) 377-3360, October 1990.

INSTRUMENTS TO MEASURE

ELECTRICITY

The value of shipments of electrical test and measuring instruments (SIC 3825) declined by 5 percent in 1990. A relatively mature market and a reluctance by defense contractors and manufacturers to spend money on test and measurement equipment contributed to the soft market. The outlook for 1991 is for a slight upturn in domestic and overseas markets, with shipments returning close to their 1989 level.

Electrical test instruments include signal generating equipment (approximately 4 percent of shipments), communications test equipment (20 percent), oscilloscopes and spectrum analyzers (10 percent), automatic test equipment for components and printed circuit boards (40 percent), panel type electrical indicating instruments (10 percent), parts and other (16 percent).

Growth projections for these instruments reflect the broad range of industries served by equipment that measures electricity. Industry shipments fell in 1990, to $7.9 billion. Companies lacking a strong reputation for quality and performance suffered in 1990. Many companies in the electrical test industry were forced to cut overhead expenses and consolidate product lines. Employment declined by nearly 4,000, with non-production workers affected the most.

U.S. companies producing automatic test equipment (ATE) had a slow year in 1990. Domestic consumption was down, with few semiconductor producers expanding domestic fabrication lines, and soft demand from the defense establishment.

Both U.S. and world market shares for ATE are heavily concentrated among a handful of producers, each known for its expertise in either logic, memory, or linear test equipment. Given the high cost of developing a new product, market share is critical to generate the profits needed to support high research and development costs. These costs prevent newcomers from entering the market and are responsible for the growing concentration of market share.

Supplier strength appears to follow that of the user market. As the Japanese now dominate the production of dynamic random access memory devices (DRAMs) so do they control the majority of the memory test market. U.S. companies are strongest in traditional linear and mixed signal test equipment, and have a declining share of the market for memory testers.

INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS

The U.S. trade surplus in electrical test and measurement equipment declined by 4 percent in 1990, to $1.6 billion. Exports fell 4 percent, while imports declined 5 percent. Although imports from Canada grew 18 percent, this increase was more than offset by a decline in imports from Japan (specifically equipment to test engines, and automatic test equipment). Although exports provided strong sales potential in the first half of 1990, all overseas markets rapidly softened in the third and fourth quarters.

Part of the decline in Japanese imports may be explained by the growth of that country's investment in the United States. In 1989, Japan's largest producer of ATE began production in Illinois. In 1990, a Japanese company took over a majority interest in one of this country's largest producers of linear test equipment. Nine U.S. electrical test equipment facilities are now owned by Japanese firms, which together employ more than 4,000 workers.

A soft domestic market forced companies to search for sales opportunities overseas. For the first half of 1990, most overseas markets experienced healthy growth rates of at least 10 percent. Unfortunately, this positive trend reversed in the second half of the year. A few exceptions included markets in South Korea, and Taiwan, which experienced an average growth rate of 12 percent.

Although the two largest export markets by dollar value remain the EC and Japan, both these markets experienced a significant decline in growth. Exports to Japan fell by over 20 percent in 1990. This decline can partly be attributed to a slowdown in capital expenditures by Japanese device producers, which were midstream between 1- and 4-megabit DRAM production. Export growth to Japan should improve in 1991 as production of 4- and 16- megabit DRAM production gets under way. Companies most likely to benefit from the new sales opportunities are those that already have a strong presence in the Japanese market and have the budget to continually upgrade their products and automate production to reduce overhead expenses.

South Korea was the fastest growing overseas market, with U.S. exports increasing from $91 million in 1989 to $104 million in 1990. Imports from South Korean remained flat at $19 million. This country's escalating demand for electronic test equipment mirrors its focus on developing high-technology industries. South Korea is now a major manufacturer of semiconductors, consumer electronics, and automobiles, products that all require a heavy investment in electrical test equipment.

Proximity to the end-user obviously provides a degree of competitive advantage. For this reason, many U.S. companies are establishing foreign sales and service centers in Japan, the EC, and other key markets. In addition, U.S. producers are following the Japanese lead by forging strong channels of communication with their customers. They are recognizing that higher product performance and reliable service typically provide a greater competitive advantage than a slight price differential.

Outlook for 1991

All of the industries that use electrical test equipment are hoping for strong sales growth in 1991. However, little improvement in the domestic economy is expected in the near term, and cuts in Federal spending will not only lead to a contraction of the defense market; it also will hurt sales of equipment used in university and government research labs.

Rapidly expanding markets in South Korea, Taiwan, and Malaysia will help to offset the weak domestic purchases in 1991. Emerging markets in Eastern Europe also may generate new sales revenues, especially for companies that already have a strong presence in Western Europe.

Some revamping of device facilities throughout the world will boost sales of automatic test equipment. With the shift from 1-to 4-and 16-megabit DRAM production, sales should pick up for memory testers and automatic process monitors.

Long-Term Prospects

The long-term outlook is generally optimistic, with an average of 7 percent annual growth for the period 1991 to 1995. As electronic components become increasingly important to the functioning of all consumer and industrial goods, the market for test equipment should grow correspondingly. - Sarah Cooper Hall, Office of Microelectronics and Instrumentation, (202) 377-2846, September 1990.

PHOTO : Figure 24-1 Shipments, Exports and Imports of Industrial & Analytical Instruments

Additional References

Selected Instruments and Related Products, Current Industrial Reports,

1988 MA38B(88)-1, Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of

Commerce, Washington DC 20233. Telephone: (301) 763-4100. VLSI Research, Inc., Various Industry Reports; 1989-1990; VSLI Research

Inc. San Jose, CA I&CS, Chilton Company, Chilton Way, Radnor, PA 19089. Telephone:

(408) 453-8844. Chemical & Engineering News, American Chemical Society, 1155 16th

St., N. W., Washington, DC 20036. Telephone: (202) 872-4600. American Laboratory, International Scientific Communications, Inc., 30

Controls Drive, P.O. Box 870, Shelton, CT 06484-0870. Telephone:

(203) 926-9300. Photonics Spectra, Laurin Publishing Co., Inc., Berkshire Common, P.O.

Box 4949, Pittsfield, MA 01202. Telephone: (413) 499-0514.

COPYRIGHT 1991 U.S. Department of Commerce
COPYRIGHT 2004 Gale Group