标题：The influence of the dietary inclusion of the
alkaloid gramine, on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus
mykiss) growth, feed utilisation and gastrointestinal
histologya
期刊名称：Western Australia. Fisheries Department. Fisheries Research Reports
印刷版ISSN：1035-4549
出版年度：2008
卷号：178
页码：134-134
出版社：Government of Western Australia / Department of Fisheries
摘要：This study examined the influence of the alkaloid gramine, when included in diets for rainbow
trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Quinolizidine alkaloids have been suggested as a potential antinutritional
problem with the use of lupin (Lupinus sp.) meals in aquaculture diets. The findings
from the present study show that above a critical threshold, the alkaloid gramine does have a
strong anti-palatability effect. The effect is noted at a minimum gramine concentration of 500
mg/kg of diet, though not at 100 mg/kg. A continuing strong anti-palatability response is noted
at higher inclusion levels and at the highest gramine inclusion concentration examined in this
study (10,000 mg/kg), insufficient feed was consumed to even supply maintenance protein
and energy demands. No adaptation to concentrations of gramine was observed throughout the
6-week study. No effects on nitrogen, energy or phosphorus digestibility were seen at the 500
mg/kg inclusion concentration of gramine relative to the reference diet, although the inclusion
of the yellow lupin kernel meals (both Wodjil and Teo varieties) in the diet did improve the
digestibility of phosphorus. Growth, as assessed using a range of parameters including weight
gain, growth rate, nutrient and energy retention of fish fed the experiment treatments was largely
consistent with feed intake. Survival of fish was significantly reduced at gramine inclusion levels
above 1,000 mg/kg. Food conversion ratio (FCR) and food conversion efficiency (FCE) were
also reflective of feed intake and growth levels observed of each treatment.
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