摘要：Human history has traditionally been
cast in terms of the rise and fall of great
civilizations, wars, and specifi c human
achievements. This history excludes the
important ecological and climate contexts
that shaped and mediated these
events (Fig. 1). Human history and Earth
System science have traditionally been
developed independently, with little
interaction among the academic communities.
Separate methods of describing
these histories have, therefore, been
developed, and there have been few attempts
to integrate these histories and
information across these fi elds of study.
Recent recognition that current Earth System
changes are strongly associated with
the changes in the coupled human-environment
system make the integration of
human history and Earth System history
an important step in understanding the
factors leading to global change and in
developing strategies for the future.
