摘要：Modern science, especially the progression of research in physics and biology reveals that learning is a complex phenomenon in which the classical separation of subject, object and situation is no longer possible. That is, reality is characterized by a “non-linear” totality in which the observer, the observed and the situation are in fact inseparable. Yet, at the dawn of the 21st century, learning scientists are still using theories and research methodologies grounded in the information-processing premise that learning is reducible to a list of condition-action rules. Complex systems are those which involve numerous elements, arranged in structure(s) which can exist on many scales. These go through processes of change that are not describable by a single rule nor are reducible to only one level of explanation.
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