标题：COGNITIVE PROCESSING AND ASSESSMENT OF ANTI-SMOKING COMBINED WARNING LABELS PROPOSED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY WITH A SPANISH SAMPLE
摘要：Smoking is a major public health problem in the European Union. The presentation of health warnings on cigarette packets
is a common strategy for alerting consumers to the adverse effects of smoking. The main aim of this study was to assess the
level of emotional activation and the potential utility of the new combined warning labels (both text and photo) that the
European Commission has proposed for use on cigarette packets. By means of a Likert-type scale, 106 participants assessed
the emotional activation each image caused in them, as well as its usefulness for an anti-smoking campaign. Results showed
that the combined warnings could be arranged according to their emotional activation level and their usefulness. Further
analyses showed that the scores given to some warnings were strongly influenced by the presence/absence of the
corresponding text message, the smoking habit (smokers vs. non-smokers), and participant’s gender. Finally, a positive
relationship was found between emotional activation and utility. By and large, our research has some significant
implications for the development of tobacco control policies.
