摘要：In this paper, we provide background and an overview of findings related to three studies on early
childhood development (ECD), family background, and ECD-related programs. These studies use data
from a longitudinal study of 7,922 children age 0-4 years at baseline in three regions of the Philippines
that has the overall aim of evaluating an important government ECD programs. The first study shows
that family background (household physical assets, parental height and schooling) has a number of
important positive associations with seven dimensions of ECD, but that these estimated associations are
often highly sensitive to the inclusion of controls for health and ECD-related services and community
characteristics. Our second study shows that the Philippine ECD program has led to significant
improvements in cognitive, social, motor and language development and short-term nutritional status of
children in ECD program areas, particularly for younger children. Finally, our third study suggests that
children¡¯s hemoglobin counts have important positive effects on their enrollment in primary school, and
that there are important positive interactions between parental schooling and school access and quality in
their effect on schooling enrollment.
关键词：Early Childhood Development (ECD), Philippines, Longitudinal data;
Schooling; JEL Classification: I, Z
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