摘要：The materials balance principle points to the crucial role of material inputs in
generating residuals in production processes. Pollution modelling must be of a multi-output
nature. The most flexible transformation function in outputs and inputs used in textbooks is too
general to make sense in pollution modelling. Specifying bads as if they are inputs, although
may be defendable on a macro level as a reduced form, hides explicit considerations of various
modification activities. Extending the non-parametric efficiency approach to cover bads as
outputs, assuming weak disposability of the bads as the only change in the modelling of the
technology, has serious weaknesses. A complete taxonomy of inputs as to the impact on both
residuals and marketed products as joint outputs is derived, based on factorially determined
multi-output production, thus providing information for choice of policy instruments.
关键词：multiple-output production, pollution, bads, purification, DEA
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