期刊名称：Discussion Papers / Ibero America Institute for Economic Research (IAI)
出版年度：2009
卷号：2009
出版社：Ibero America Institute for Economic Research
摘要：Recent theoretical and empirical advances have brought income
and wealth distributions back into a prominent position in growth and
development theories, and as determinants of specific socio-economic outcomes,
such as health or levels of violence and related phenomenon of inequality. To
improve empirical investigation, new techniques were required for the simulation
of small scale welfare indicators, such as income and its related distribution.
Elbers, Lanjouw and Lanjouw (2003) designed a statistical procedure to combine
different types of data and take advantage of the detail in household sample
surveys and the comprehensive coverage of a census. The method extends the
literature on small area statistics (Ghosh and Rao (1994), Rao (1999)) by
developing estimators of population parameters which are non-linear functions of
the underlying variable of interest (for example per capita income) by deriving
them from the full unit level distribution of that variable. The most famous
output of these exercises is known as “poverty maps”. The use of these poverty
maps is an important poverty reduction policy implementation tool used for
selecting the poorest villages in the country (or villages where the greatest
number of poor people are), such as the programs Bolsa Escuela in Brasil,
Progreso in Mexico, Puente in Chile, Bolsa Familia in Argentina, Bono de
Desarrollo Humano in Ecuador or Tekopora in Paraguay; all of these conditional
cash transfer programs, directly to extremely poor households.
