摘要：We evaluated the long-term therapeutic effects of noncontingent reinforcement (NCR). In Experiment 1, NCR effects were examined with 2 participants' arbitrary responses; in Experiment 2, NCR was used as treatment with 3 participants whose self-injurious behavior (SIB) was maintained by automatic reinforcement. In both experiments, NCR consisted of continuous access to a highly preferred leisure item and was implemented initially during 10-min and later during 120-min sessions. Varied reinforcers (leisure items) were subsequently introduced during 120-min sessions to determine if treatment effects might be extended. Finally (Experiment 2 only), NCR was implemented throughout the day in participants' homes. Results of Experiments 1 and 2 showed that reinforcers obtained through object manipulation can compete with those obtained automatically by engaging in SIB during brief NCR sessions. However, data from the 120-min sessions indicated that satiation to a specific leisure item might occur over periods of time more typical of those during which treatment would be implemented. Access to a variety of highly preferred leisure items extended the effectiveness of NCR for some individuals. When NCR was implemented throughout the day (Experiment 2), therapeutic effects were shown to be maintained for up to 1 year. Full Text The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (197K). Selected References These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article. Carr JE, Coriaty S, Wilder DA, Gaunt BT, Dozier CL, Britton LN, Avina C, Reed CL. A review of "noncontingent" reinforcement as treatment for the aberrant behavior of individuals with developmental disabilities. Res Dev Disabil. 2000 Sep–Oct; 21 (5):377–391. [ PubMed ] DeLeon IG, Anders BM, Rodriguez-Catter V, Neidert PL. The effects of noncontingent access to single- versus multiple-stimulus sets on self-injurious behavior. J Appl Behav Anal. 2000 Winter; 33 (4):623–626. [ PubMed ] DeLeon IG, Iwata BA, Conners J, Wallace MD. Examination of ambiguous stimulus preferences with duration-based measures. J Appl Behav Anal. 1999 Spring; 32 (1):111–114. [ PubMed ] Egel AL. Reinforcer variation: implications for motivating developmentally disabled children. J Appl Behav Anal. 1981 Fall; 14 (3):345–350. [ PubMed ] Fisher W, Piazza CC, Bowman LG, Hagopian LP, Owens JC, Slevin I. A comparison of two approaches for identifying reinforcers for persons with severe and profound disabilities. J Appl Behav Anal. 1992 Summer; 25 (2):491–498. [ PubMed ] Goh HL, Iwata BA, Shore BA, DeLeon IG, Lerman DC, Ulrich SM, Smith RG. An analysis of the reinforcing properties of hand mouthing. J Appl Behav Anal. 1995 Fall; 28 (3):269–283. [ PubMed ] Hagopian LP, LeBlanc LA, Maglieri KA. Noncontingent attention for the treatment of excessive medical complaints in a medically fragile man with mental retardation. Res Dev Disabil. 2000 May–Jun; 21 (3):215–221. [ PubMed ] Hanley GP, Iwata BA, Thompson RH, Lindberg JS. A component analysis of "stereotypy as reinforcement" for alternative behavior. J Appl Behav Anal. 2000 Fall; 33 (3):285–297. [ PubMed ] Iwata BA, Dorsey MF, Slifer KJ, Bauman KE, Richman GS. Toward a functional analysis of self-injury. J Appl Behav Anal. 1994 Summer; 27 (2):197–209. [ PubMed ] Lindberg JS, Iwata BA, Kahng SW. On the relation between object manipulation and stereotypic self-injurious behavior. J Appl Behav Anal. 1999 Spring; 32 (1):51–62. [ PubMed ] Mace FC, Lalli JS. Linking descriptive and experimental analyses in the treatment of bizarre speech. J Appl Behav Anal. 1991 Fall; 24 (3):553–562. [ PubMed ] Michael J. Distinguishing between discriminative and motivational functions of stimuli. J Exp Anal Behav. 1982 Jan; 37 (1):149–155. [ PubMed ] Roscoe EM, Iwata BA, Goh HL. A comparison of noncontingent reinforcement and sensory extinction as treatments for self-injurious behavior. J Appl Behav Anal. 1998 Winter; 31 (4):635–646. [ PubMed ] Vollmer TR, Marcus BA, LeBlanc L. Treatment of self-injury and hand mouthing following inconclusive functional analyses. J Appl Behav Anal. 1994 Summer; 27 (2):331–344. [ PubMed ] Vollmer TR, Marcus BA, Ringdahl JE. Noncontingent escape as treatment for self-injurious behavior maintained by negative reinforcement. J Appl Behav Anal. 1995 Spring; 28 (1):15–26. [ PubMed ]
