Faced with the fall of universal ideals, our society is trying to revive a discussion on morality, which, in view of the drives it was meant to suppress, is often at an impasse.

We present two approaches to this failure. Kant's attempt to explain the ethical foundation in all purity, is confronted with the obstacle of "radical evil", of which the nazi morality is a perfect example. The Kantian solution is the heart's conversion to the ideal image of a desire, with the help of the divine Other.

Freud calls this moral requirement the Superego. Through this authority, civilization tries to limit human aggression, without succeeding in reducing its potential.

The failure of the educational undertaking of moralization seems obvious. Today, the ultimate demand is satisfaction at any price ! At the same time, the interest of the individual turns inward, rather than opening to what lies beyond the satisfaction of personal drives.

In such a context, the task of the educator is to re-establish a space for listening and speaking in which the learner can experience a lack of knowledge, stimulating the desire to learn. This is the condition under which he will be able to follow the path of the invention of new knowledge.