期刊名称：Journal of Environmental Hydrology (ältere Jahrgänge)
印刷版ISSN：1058-3912
电子版ISSN：1996-7918
出版年度：2005
卷号：13
出版社：IAEH
摘要：Oxygen isotope variations of the Wolf and Red Rivers, Wisconsin are very small (1 to 5 ‰ variation) compared to those of local meteoric precipitation (25 ‰ variation), with behavior that may be modeled using published isotope hydrology equations based upon time-decay damped-storage, indicating that stream flow is a damped running average of local meteoric precipitation that has been stored and homogenized in shallow groundwater reservoirs for 0.34 to 1.1 years. These residence times are long for most small rivers (<1000 cfs) in the Midwestern USA and likely reflect the high proportion of old growth forest and wetlands within the watershed. Deviations from the damped average model are largely caused by melting of accumulated snowfall during spring. Small decreases in the 18O content of precipitation and of streamflow accompany increase in elevation in the basin. The average δ18O values of the rivers and the specific conductance of river baseflow are similar to shallow groundwaters from nearby wells.
