摘要：hen analyzing the impact of international organizations on the environment, two main issues
arise. First, we have to quantify the participation of the organizations on countries they deal with.
Second, the environmental impact of this involvement has to be measured. This paper attempts to
do this. We employ panel data to empirically analyze whether and to what extent the presence of
IMF, World Bank, regional Multilateral Development Banks, WTO and Global Environmental
Facilities has an impact on environmental governance and outcomes. Our results for a large
number of countries and years show that the international organizations affect the environment
directly via their impact on CO2 emissions. Projects financed by World Bank, ADB, UNDP, and
membership in the WTO increase emissions, while IADB projects reduce emissions. EBRD and
UNEP do not significantly affect CO2 emissions, while the AfDB increases emissions after 1985
only. Taking the indirect impact through trade liberalization into account, however, the WTO
reduces emissions, while the IADB increases emissions. There is some evidence that the
international organizations investigated here also influence SO2 emissions, water pollution, and
round wood production; environmental governance is not affected.
关键词：International Organizations, Environment, Governance, IMF, World Bank,
WTO, Trade Liberalization
