摘要：The strong correlation between child care and maternal employment rates has led previous research to
conclude that a
ordable and readily available child care is a driving force both of cross-country di
erences
in maternal employment and of its rapid growth over the last decades. We analyze the introduction of
subsidized, universally accessible child care in Norway. Our precise and robust di
erence-in-di
erences
estimates reveal that there is little, if any, causal e
ect of child care on maternal employment, despite a
strong correlation. Instead of increasing mothers' labor supply, the new subsidized child care mostly crowds
out informal child care arrangements, suggesting a signi cant net cost of the child care subsidies.
关键词：universal child care, female labor force participation
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