期刊名称：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
印刷版ISSN：0027-8424
电子版ISSN：1091-6490
出版年度：1977
卷号：74
期号：11
页码：4707-4713
DOI：10.1073/pnas.74.11.4707
语种：English
出版社：The National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
摘要：Structure determination by diffraction methods is reviewed in terms of the philosophical and mathematical aspects of the techniques used to investigate the atomic arrangements in gaseous and amorphous substances. Both theory and experiment must be adapted to each other's limitations. This is accomplished often only after much time and study have been devoted to the problems. Some areas of application are favored by an overdeterminacy in the data, which helps to simplify the mathematical aspects of the analysis. Other areas have relatively few data compared to the number of unknown parameters. In such cases, special analytical procedures that use, for example, chemical and structural information are indispensible. Applications cover a broad range of problems and afford fundamental information to many fields of science.
关键词：molecules ; films ; glasses ; electron scattering ; x-ray scattering
