摘要：We can individuate paradigmatic cases of referential expressions in proper names, such as «Dante Alighieri» and «Napoli». On many occasions, a name is the best tool we have to refer to a particular object, but it is clearly not the only one, nor is it always the best. On some occasions we may not know the name of something we want to refer to. In these cases, we may use an indexical like «you», or a demonstrative like «this» or «that», if the intended object is available for demonstration. Very often, we are not so lucky, and we are forced to search for the right words to describe something we want to refer to.
