摘要：Poland recorded robust GDP growth since the beginning of the transition process and showed great resilience during the global crisis, which led to pronounced gains in the standards of living. The average annual growth rate in GDP per capita reached 4.0 percent between 2000 and 2011, versus 1.8 percent for the OECD average, and was higher than in other Central and Eastern European countries (Figure 1). Between 2000 and 2011, rises in labour productivity fed the catch-up process mainly owing to advances in multifactor productivity, which made a contribution of above 3 percentage points to per capita income growth. The liberalisation of the domestic economy coupled with greater knowledge and technology transfers from abroad led to major improvements in labour efficiency. However, despite significant increases in the capital stock, capital intensity subtracted 0.5 percentage points from annual growth in GDP per capita. This was similar to the Slovak Republic, but contrasted with a positive contribution recorded in Estonia, Slovenia and Hungary. There fore, Poland’s growth model benefitted comparatively less from foreign direct investment inflows as the business climate and regulations were less conducive to greater investments. Human capital contributed positively to growth by almost 0.5 percentage points, more than in other regional peers. This reflects Poland’s progress in educational attainment and the quality of its secondary education as confirmed by good PISA (Prog ramme for International Student Assessment) scores, particularly in mathematics and science. Finally, steady decreases in the unemployment rate underpinned employment rises and growth, notably driven by better training of the unemployed, a higher share of workers with better qualifications and lower labour market mismatches (Kierzen kowski et al. 2008).
