出版社：Estonian Literary Museum and Estonian Folklore Institute
摘要：According to J. Derrida, meanings that are separate and not related to any sign system, refer to an impaired layer prior to a language or sign system (Derrida 1995: 39-40). Pre-alphabet meanings (i.e. meanings that existed before a language or sign system) can be related to any human action in the landscape, including way-finding. This article examines the Khants` and other Siberian peoples` orientation skills and landmark systems. Those data that have not appeared in previous articles by this author will be highlighted (Leete 1995a, 1995b, 1996). For the Khants themselves, there is no hierarchical difference whether to orientate themselves using natural objects or other ways of way-marking, i.e. by breaking tree branches, cutting notches and signs on tree trunk etc. For a researhcer, such classification may prove useful. In the case of orientation taking place by means of environmental differences, without the help of man-made landmarks, this refers to the original layer of a culture. The use of landmarks is an aspect in the development of communication strategies and sign systems
