期刊名称：Aktuelnosti iz Neurologije, Psihijatrije i Graničnih Područja
印刷版ISSN：0354-2726
出版年度：2010
卷号：XVIII
期号：2
页码：60-64
出版社：Clinical Center of Vojvodina
摘要：Tics are stereotypical, involuntary, sudden-onset, purposeless and compulsive movements of di-ff erent intensity. Th ey are the most common form of involuntary movements in children, with the preva-lence of 299 cases per 10,000 school-age population aged 13-14 years. Morphologically, tics may be classi-fi ed into simple motor tics, complex motor tics, auditory/acoustic motor tics, and sensory tics. Secondary, or symptomatic, tics are caused by an organic disorder of the nervous system and occur much less frequ-ently than primary ticks, which do not result from an organic disorder. Tics may be associated with psyc-hiatric disorders, cognitive impairments, sensory defi cits, dyslexia, dysgraphia, dyscalculia, attention defi -cit hyperactivity disorder, somnambulism, pavor nocturnus, nightmares, and enuresis nocturna. Children with tics are more prone to depression, anxiety, inadequate sexual behavior and antisocial defi ant behavi-or. Haloperidol, risperidone and pimozide are available for the treatment of severe tics. Th e polymorphism of expression, association with psychiatric and other pediatric disorders, and varied treatment and its limi-tations make childhood tics a great challenge for clinicians. Researchers will still have to clarify the pathop-hysiology and fi nd new treatment options for tics. Clinically, tics require a team work between neurologists, psychologist, psychiatrists and clinical pharmacologists.
