出版社：Bank of Finland Institute for Economies in Transition (BOFIT)
摘要：A deteriorating demographic situation, rising unemployment, difficulties in taxes, and a growing informal sector have created substantial difficulties during recent years for the pay-as-you-go (PAYG) pension systems in Baltic countries. For the purpose of guaranteeing solid pension systems, all three Baltic countries are implementing "three-pillar" systems, which supporters claim will be more robust to demographic changes. Latvia leads the Baltics in pension reform, having all pillars of the system working. Nevertheless, Baltic pension reform remains a politically thorny issue. This fact may delay plans to have three-pillar systems operational in all three countries by the beginning of 2003.
