摘要：During the 20thcentury, the socio-political regulation of labourmarket participation has long been confined to income replacement schemes, setting aside a small number of programmes for improving professional skills and inciting employers to hire disadvantaged workers. Subsequent to this, welfare states have created more all-encompassing programmes to help provide opportunities for training and qualification, with these programmes becoming referred to as an "active labour market policy". However, until the 1980s, social benefits were merely connected to such programmes, while social interventions aimed at supporting unemployed citizens were confined to counseling activities run by job centres and, albeit for a limited number of marginalized citizens, by social work departments. Overall, social welfare provision and labour market regulation inhabit two different worlds, both institutionally and in the mind-set of policy makers
