The ACSM report touches on the fascinating progress connecting the training stimulus to cytokines and other extra- and intracellular signals. Bente Pedersen's lab is at the forefront, along with the group at University of Bern, Swizerland, headed by Hans Hoppeler and Martin Flück. In the last two years, when I have lectured on endurance training organization, I have introduced the findings from Hansen et al. (2005) by asking this question: is part of the reason that modern elite athletes "need" so much training volume that they "eat so well?" Antioxidants, glycogen loading, carbohydrate drinks, etc. all may dampen the cellular signalling impact of the exercise stimulus and perhaps lengthen the exercise duration necessary for an optimal signalling effect. Since we often seem to chase the elusive "Kenyan performance secrets", the published findings that Kenyan runners are vitamin deficient and undernourished are interesting in this context.