摘要：Ba c k g r o u n d: In support of the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) completed a toxicological review of trichloroethylene (TCE) in September 2011, which was the result of an effort spanning > 20 years. oB j e c ti v e s: We summarized the key findings and scientific issues regarding the human health effects of TCE in the U.S. EPA's toxicological review. Me t h o d s: In this assessment we synthesized and characterized thousands of epidemiologic, experi-mental animal, and mechanistic studies, and addressed several key scientific issues through model-ing of TCE toxico kinetics, meta-analyses of epidemiologic studies, and analyses of mechanistic data.di sc u ss i o n: Toxicokinetic modeling aided in characterizing the toxicological role of the complex metabolism and multiple metabolites of TCE. Meta-analyses of the epidemiologic data strongly supported the conclusions that TCE causes kidney cancer in humans and that TCE may also cause liver cancer and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Mechanistic analyses support a key role for mutagenic-ity in TCE-induced kidney carcinogenicity. Recent evidence from studies in both humans and experimental animals point to the involvement of TCE exposure in auto immune disease and hyper-sensitivity. Recent avian and in vitro mechanistic studies provided biological plausibility that TCE plays a role in develop mental cardiac toxicity, the subject of substantial debate due to mixed results from epidemiologic and rodent studies.co n c l u s i o n s: TCE is carcinogenic to humans by all routes of exposure and poses a potential human health hazard for non cancer toxicity to the central nervous system, kidney, liver, immune system, male reproductive system, and the developing embryo/fetus
关键词：assessment; cancer/tumors; cardiovascular; epidemiology; immunologic response; ;Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS); meta-analysis; mode of action; physiologically based ;pharmaco ;kinetic (PBPK) modeling; trichloroethylene
