摘要：In "Too Close For Comfort. The Impact of Official Aid on Nongovernmental Organizations," Michael Edwards and David Hulme (1996) poignantly elaborate on the pitfalls of a success story. Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and grassroots organizations (GROs) start constituting themselves in the 1970s. They struggle through a period of scarce resources, political exclusion, and skepticism from state bureaucrats. They survive. Then, their destiny takes a sudden turn in the 1980s. Whatever NGOs and GROs stood and struggled for over the last two decades-efficiency, cost-effectiveness, closer-to-the-people-is high in demand. They gain momentum. The "New Policy Agenda" (Edwards & Hulme, 1996) awards them further prominence and paves the way for increased government funding. They increase in number and size
