摘要：Since the 1970s the world has seen the emergence of institutions and groups organized outside the state yet making claims on the polity and for the polity. Social movements such as those favoring women, the environment, and peace, or those opposing nuclear power and war become crystallized through the creation of organizations to implement their agendas. The existence of these NGOs (non-governmental organizations) has been examined by scholars in the developing countries and in Europe; interest on the part of US scholars is relatively recent and does not always grasp the core nature of NGOs.
