摘要：Among the strategies to promote sustainable tropical forest development around the world,the Federal Extractive Reserve System of Brazil is widely cited as an exemplary model. It is designed toprotect rubber tapper communities, their forests, and their livelihoods while preventing deforestation andconserving biodiversity. In response to changing markets and policies, rubber tappers in the Chico MendesExtractive Reserve have recently diversified production to include market agriculture and cattle production,precipitating deforestation in the reserve, with the implication of increased ecological degradation comparedto the extraction of nontimber forest products (NTFPs). Our remote sensing and forest inventory analysesyield different insights about the environmental consequences of distinct land-use mixes in two extractivecommunities, one of which emphasizes cattle and the other, NTFPs. Remote sensing results show apredictably greater impact on forest cover in the cattle-oriented community. This preliminary study is basedon nested household- and community-level forest inventory and biodiversity analyses in two communities.Surprisingly, we found higher tree biodiversity in the rubber trail forests of the cattle-oriented community,and significantly lower tree species richness, tree density, total basal area, and number of trees of commercialsize in the same land-use unit in the NTFP-focused community. Land-use surveys indicate lower levels ofgame consumption and hunting in the cattle-oriented community, and strong support for the developmentof sustainable timber extraction in both communities. The distinct type and degree of forest impact in thetwo communities exposes the problem of single-impact assessment as the sole means of performance andcategorical land-use prohibitions as an effective mode of regulation in conservation areas
关键词：biodiversity; ecological monitoring; extractive reserves; land use; livelihood; tropical;deforestation
