摘要：Participation of stakeholders in planning processes is increasingly seen as an essential elementin adaptive and integrated water management and sometimes a policy requirement from higher-levelgovernance bodies. Despite an extensive literature on the advantages and disadvantages of publicparticipation and criteria for effective participation, not much is known about how water managers shouldproceed in a given context. Water-management agencies have to face the challenge of effectively involvingstakeholders in developing their water-management plans and must design and implement a balancedprocess approach among the available time, finances, organization, and facilitation without compromisingtheir authority. This article presents a participatory planning process designed and implemented at WaterBoard "Hoogheemraadschap De Stichtse Rijnlanden" (HDSR) in the center of The Netherlands. For aperiod of 2 yrs, these three groups were involved in various ways, participating in different types of meetingsand workshops, using a range of participatory tools and techniques. The process and results of the threegroups were monitored and evaluated using a tailored evaluation strategy. This paper analyzes the way thedesign and implementation of the process is perceived by both the conveners and participants and suggestspractical lessons for water managers. Based on our case, it is argued that a careful process design, a thoroughand continuous stakeholder analysis, building reflective workshops within and after the process, andensuring experienced and qualified process leaders can greatly enhance the adaptive capacity and successfuloutcome of the participatory planning process
关键词：participatory planning; process design; public participation; water management
