摘要：In the early 1980s, the protectionist paradigm thathad dominated conservation began losing ground.It was replaced by a notion, in the developing worldespecially, that poverty reduction and environmentalprotection should be tackled in an integrated manner(Adams 1990). Several approaches emerged,building on early attempts that can be traced backto the 1960s (Garnett et al. 2007). The promotionof commercial nontimber forest product (NTFP)production is one of those approaches (Kusters etal. 2006). At the landscape level, integratedconservation and development projects (ICDPs)gained favor
关键词：adaptive capacity; governance; ICDP; institutions; integrated conservation and development;land-use planning; local knowledge; participatory modeling; participatory research; resilience perspective
