标题：The Cross-scale Interplay between Social and Biophysical Context and the Vulnerability of Irrigation-dependent Societies: Archaeology’s Long-term Perspective
摘要：What relationships can be understood between resilience and vulnerability in social-ecological systems. In particular, what vulnerabilities are exacerbated or ameliorated by different sets ofsocial practices associated with water management. These questions have been examined primarily throughthe study of contemporary or recent historic cases. Archaeology extends scientific observation beyond allsocial memory and can thus illuminate interactions occurring over centuries or millennia. We examinedtrade-offs of resilience and vulnerability in the changing social, technological, and environmental contextsof three long-term, pre-Hispanic sequences in the U.S. Southwest: the Mimbres area in southwestern NewMexico (AD 650–1450), the Zuni area in northern New Mexico (AD 850–1540), and the Hohokam areain central Arizona (AD 700–1450). In all three arid landscapes, people relied on agricultural systems thatdepended on physical and social infrastructure that diverted adequate water to agricultural soils. However,investments in infrastructure varied across the cases, as did local environmental conditions. Zuni farmingemployed a variety of small-scale water control strategies, including centuries of reliance on small runoffagricultural systems; Mimbres fields were primarily watered by small-scale canals feeding floodplain fields;and the Hohokam area had the largest canal system in pre-Hispanic North America. The cases also varyin their historical trajectories: at Zuni, population and resource use remained comparatively stable overcenturies, extending into the historic period; in the Mimbres and Hohokam areas, there were majordemographic and environmental transformations. Comparisons across these cases thus allow anunderstanding of factors that promote vulnerability and influence resilience in specific contexts
关键词：agriculture; infrastructure; irrigation; resilience; vulnerability; water
