摘要：Mediterranean ecosystems have been shaped by a history of human and ecologicaldisturbances. Understanding the dynamics of these social-ecological systems requires an understanding ofhow human and ecological factors interact. In this study, we assess the combined role of managementpractices and biophysical variables, i.e., wildfire and topography, to explain patterns of tree persistence ina cork oak (Quercus suber L.) landscape of southern Portugal. We used face-to-face interviews withlandowners to identify the management practices and the incentives that motivated them. We used aerialphotographs and a Geographic Information System (GIS) to classify vegetation patch-type transitions overa period of 45 years (1958-2002) and logistic regression to explain such changes based on managementand biophysical factors. The best model explaining vegetation transitions leading to cork oak persistencein the landscape included both biophysical and management variables. Tree persistence was more likelyto occur on steeper slopes, in the absence of wildfires, and in the absence of understory management. Weidentified ecological, ideological, and economical barriers that preclude oak persistence and that areimportant to consider in implementing efficient environmental policies for adequate conservation andreforestation programs of Mediterranean cork oak landscapes
关键词：agroforestry system; alternative ecosystem state; Cistus ladanifer; land degradation;Mediterranean; Portugal; shrub encroachment; succession; Quercus suber; vegetation transition
