摘要：Resilience thinking addresses the dynamics and development of complex social–ecologicalsystems (SES). Three aspects are central: resilience, adaptability and transformability. These aspectsinterrelate across multiple scales. Resilience in this context is the capacity of a SES to continually changeand adapt yet remain within critical thresholds. Adaptability is part of resilience. It represents the capacityto adjust responses to changing external drivers and internal processes and thereby allow for developmentalong the current trajectory (stability domain). Transformability is the capacity to cross thresholds into newdevelopment trajectories. Transformational change at smaller scales enables resilience at larger scales. Thecapacity to transform at smaller scales draws on resilience from multiple scales, making use of crises aswindows of opportunity for novelty and innovation, and recombining sources of experience and knowledgeto navigate social–ecological transitions. Society must seriously consider ways to foster resilience of smallermore manageable SESs that contribute to Earth System resilience and to explore options for deliberatetransformation of SESs that threaten Earth System resilience
