摘要：Resilience has been growing in importance as a perspective for governing social-ecologicalsystems. The aim of this paper is first to analyze a well-studied human dominated agroecosystem usingfive existing key heuristics of the resilience perspective and second to discuss the consequences of usingthis resilience perspective for the future management of similar human dominated agroecosystems. Thehuman dominated agroecosystem is located in the Dutch Northern Frisian Woodlands where cooperativesof dairy farmers have been attempting to organize a transition toward more viable and environmentalfriendly agrosystems. A mobilizing element in the cooperatives was the ability of some dairy farmers toobtain high herbage and milk yield production with limited nitrogen fertilizer input. A set of reinforcingmeasures was hypothesized to rebalance nitrogen flows and to set a new equilibrium. A dynamic farmmodel was used to evaluate the long-term effects of reinforcing measures on soil organic matter content,which was considered the key indicator of an alternative system state. Simulations show that no alternativestable state for soil organic matter exists within a plausible range of fertilizer applications. The observeddifferences in soil organic matter content and nutrient use efficiency probably represent a time lag of long-term nonequilibrium system development. The resilience perspective proved to be especially insightful inaddressing interacting long-term developments expressed in the panarchy. Panarchy created a heterogeneityof resources in the landscape providing local landscape-embedded opportunities for high N-efficiencies.Stopping the practice of grassland renewal will allow this ecological landscape embedded system to mature.In contrast, modern conventional dairy farms shortcut the adaptive cycle by frequent grassland renewals,resulting in high resilience and adaptability. This comes at the cost of long-term accumulated ecologicalcapital of soil organic matter and transformability, thus reinforcing the incremental adaptation trap. Analysisof such a human dominated agroecosystem reveals that rather than alternative states, an alternative set ofrelationships within a multiscale setting applies, indicating the importance for embedding panarchy in theanalysis of sustainable development goals in agroecosystems
