摘要：Even in the absence of climate change, freshwater ecosystems and the resources they providefor people are under great pressure because of increasing demand for water and declines in water quality.The imminent onset of climate change will exacerbate these impacts, placing even greater pressure onalready stressed resources and regions. A plethora of national climate change policies have been adoptedthat emphasize structural adjustment in the energy sector and increasing carbon sinks. To date, most publicdebate on water has focused on the direct impacts of climate change on hydrology. However, there isgrowing evidence that climate change policies themselves may have substantial additional and negativeimpacts on freshwater resources and ecosystems and may thus result in maladaptation. To avoid suchmaladaptation, integrated, coordinated policy making is required. In this paper, national climate changepolicies from Australia, Brazil, China, the European Union (EU), India, Mexico, South Africa, Tanzania,and the United Kingdom are compared to: (i) identify where negative trade-offs exist between climatechange policies and freshwater resources, (ii) analyze where institutions and structures exist to optimizeintegration among climate, water, and biodiversity policies, and (iii) provide a much needed overview froma broad selection of countries with a view to identifying further opportunities for theoretical explorationand testing. The synergies and conflicts among climate, energy, water, and environmental policies createadditional challenges for governments to develop integrated policies to deliver multiple benefits. Successfactors for better policy development identified in this assessment and synthesis include engagement ofsenior political leaders, cyclical policy development, multi-agency and stakeholder processes, and strongeraccountability and enforcement measures
