摘要：To ensure economic viability over time, any efforts to meet the Millennium DevelopmentGoals need to reconcile conservation with development interventions. Particularly, in marginal and riskprone areas erosion of resilience could make production systems more susceptible to environmental risksthat compromise the economic security. By longitudinal analyses of long-term data records we investigatedthe impacts of big push policies on Saami pastoral ecosystems in Arctic Norway. The big push wasaccompanied by reindeer herd accumulation and a corresponding degradation of resilience, increasing thesusceptibility to herd losses to predators and adverse winters. For the last 20 years the Norwegiangovernment has worked to halt degradation of pasture ecosystems and reduce susceptibility toenvironmental risks. These intended win-win policies have mainly been based on economic incentives,which have been developed together with Saami pastoralists through negotiated agreements. We argue thatthe continued degradation of the Saami pastoral ecosystems is a "ghost of the development past", as thebig push policies have resulted in an economic security trap (EST). The gradual reduction of resilience haspersisted as the ex post payments of disaster relief and predator compensation have impeded the long-termactions to reduce susceptibility to environmental risks, i.e., ex ante policies, thereby increasing dependencyon elevated economic inputs to manage the risks. The transfer of liability for managing risks to thebenefactor, both through ex ante and ex post policies, has further discouraged and constrained opportunitiesfor adaptation by the pastoralists
