摘要：This paper presents a conceptual tool, or heuristic, for describing the epistemological contextfor social learning within complex social–ecological systems. The heuristic integrates several definitionsof social learning that emphasize the importance of critical reflection and its collaborative nature and thatit is rooted in and oriented toward practice through social interactions. The conceptual tool is useful inidentifying and conceptually mapping different perspectives based on types of learning described alongthree dimensions: typology of knowledge; different levels of critical reflection; and scale. The heuristicwas originally developed in the context of an environmental planning process in southern Ontario, Canada,and is applied to identifying barriers and bridges to social learning in the case of flood damage reductionin a remote First Nations community in northern Ontario, Canada
关键词：adaptive capacity; critical systems thinking; First Nations; social learning
