摘要：The growing awareness of the complexities and uncertainties in water management has put into question theexisting paradigms in this field. Increasingly more flexible, integrated, and adaptive policies are promoted. In this context, theunderstanding of how to effect policy change is becoming more important. This article analyzes policy making at the microlevel, focusing on the behavior of policy entrepreneurs, which we understand here as risk-taking bureaucrats who seek to changepolicy and are involved throughout the policy-change process. Policy entrepreneurs have received a certain level of attentionin the adaptive co-management literature and the policy sciences in past decades. Yet, the understanding of the actions they cantake to facilitate policy change remains limited. This study addresses this gap in focusing on the strategies that policy entrepreneursemploy in their efforts to effect policy change. The article draws on both theoretical exploration and in-depth field research onwater management in the Netherlands, which included a series of semi-structured interviews and a focus group with policyentrepreneurs. We conclude that policy entrepreneurs employ four types of strategies: (1) attention and support-seeking strategies,to demonstrate the significance of a problem and to convince a wide range of participants about their preferred policy; (2) linkingstrategies, to link with other parties, projects, ideas, and policy games; (3) relational management strategies, to manage therelational factor in policy-change trajectories; and finally, (4) arena strategies, to influence the time and place wherein decisionsare made. Our study suggests that by employing these strategies when the "time is right," the development of policy streamsand consequently their coupling can, to some extent, be influenced and steered. In other words, policy entrepreneurs can, to adegree, prepare for a window of opportunity and hence direct policy change
关键词：adaptive management; policy change; policy entrepreneurs; strategies; water management; windows of opportunity
