标题：Connecting Social Networks with Ecosystem Services for Watershed Governance: a Social-Ecological Network Perspective Highlights the Critical Role of Bridging Organizations
摘要：In many densely settled agricultural watersheds, water quality is a point of conflict between amenity and agriculturalactivities because of the varied demands and impacts on shared water resources. Successful governance of these watershedsrequires coordination among different activities. Recent research has highlighted the role that social networks betweenmanagement entities can play to facilitate cross-scale interaction in watershed governance. For example, bridging organizationscan be positioned in social networks to bridge local initiatives done by single municipalities across whole watersheds. To betterunderstand the role of social networks in social-ecological system dynamics, we combine a social network analysis of the waterquality management networks held by local governments with a social-ecological analysis of variation in water managementand ecosystem services across the Montérégie, an agricultural landscape near Montréal, Québec, Canada. We analyze municipalwater management networks by using one-mode networks to represent direct collaboration between municipalities, and two-mode networks to capture how bridging organizations indirectly connect municipalities. We find that municipalities do notcollaborate directly with one another but instead are connected via bridging organizations that span the water quality managementnetwork. We also discovered that more connected municipalities engaged in more water management activities. However,bridging organizations preferentially connected with municipalities that used more tourism related ecosystem services ratherthan those that used more agricultural ecosystem services. Many agricultural municipalities were relatively isolated, despitebeing the main producers of water quality problems. In combination, these findings suggest that further strengthening the watermanagement network in the Montérégie will contribute to improving water quality in the region. However, such strengtheningrequires developing a network that better connects both agricultural and tourism oriented municipalities. Furthermore, thesefindings show that consideration of the social-ecological context of social networks, can help explain the structure of networksand reveal social-ecological clusters and disconnects in a network
关键词：agricultural watershed; agriculture; bridging organization; ecosystem services; Montérégie; Richelieu River;Québec; social-ecological feedback; social-ecological system; social network analysis; social networks; tourism; two-mode;network; water quality; watershed; watershed management; Yamaska River Québec
