摘要：Members of the public participate in scientific research in many different contexts, stemming from traditions asvaried as participatory action research and citizen science. Particularly in conservation and natural resource management contexts,where research often addresses complex social–ecological questions, the emphasis on and na ture of this pa rticipation cansignificantly affect both the way that projects are de signed and the outcomes that projects achieve. We review and integraterec ent work in these and other fields, which has converged such that we propose the term public participation in scientificresearch (PPSR) to discuss initiatives from diverse fields and traditions. We describe three predominant mode ls of PPSR andcall upon case studies suggesting that—regardless of the research context—project outcomes are influe nced by (1) the degreeof public participation in the research process and (2) the quality of public participation as negotiated during project design. Toillustrate relationships between the quality of participation and outcomes, we offer a framework that considers how scientificand public intere sts are negotiated for project design toward multiple, integrated goals. We suggest that this framework andmodels, used in tandem, can support deliberate design of PPSR efforts that will enhance their outcomes for scientific research,individual participants, and social–ecological systems
