摘要：This study examines how ecosystem services (ES) have been taken into account historically in strategic spatialplans in Melbourne and Stockholm through a comparative case study analysis of eight strategic spatial plans from 1929-2010.We investigated the types of ES taken into account, and how human-nature relations and the valuation and trade-off discussionsregarding ES were framed. An ES coding protocol was developed that categorized and identified 39 ES drawing from theMillennium Ecosystem Assessment and other relevant literature. Only two of the 39 ES were addressed in every plan for bothcities, namely freshwater and recreation. While the number of ES referred to in plans has generally increased over time, justunder a third of ES in Melbourne and Stockholm were not addressed at all. References to individual ES showed little continuityover time. This variability reveals a time-scale mismatch that has been overlooked in the ES literature with potential urban policyimplications. Despite considerable variation in ES addressed across the plans, there is a striking similar pattern in the totalnumbers of ES addressed over time in both cities. Plans for both cities showed a spike in the late 60s/early 70s, followed by asignificant decline in the late 70s/early 80s with the highest number of ES addressed in the most recent plans. Furthermore, ouranalysis shows that strategic spatial plans generally demonstrate awareness that urban populations are dependent on ecosystemsand this framing is an important part of the policy discourse. While specific monetary values were not placed on any ES in theplans, resolution of land-use conflicts requiring tradeoffs between ES and equity of distribution of ES is a central feature ofmost of the examined plans. We argue that longitudinal policy document analysis represents a useful complement to any attemptto improve understanding of the implications of and opportunities for operationalizing an ES approach in urban practice
