摘要：Resilience studies build on the notion that phenomena in the real world should be understood as dynamic social–ecological systems. However, the scholarly community may not be fully aware that social ecology, as a conceptual framework,has a long intellectual history, nor fully cognizant of its foundational theory. In this article, we trace the intellectual roots andcore principles of social ecology and demonstrate how these principles enable a broader conceptualization of resilience thanmay be found in much of the literature. We then illustrate how the resulting notion of resilience as transactional process andmulti-capital formation affords new perspectives on diverse phenomena such as global financial crises and adaptation toenvironmental stresses to communities and ecosystems. A social–ecological analysis of resilience enables the study of people–environment transactions across varying dimensions, time periods, and scales. Furthermore, in its openness to experientialknowledge and action research, the social ecology framework coheres well with participative–collaborative modes of inquiry,which traverse institutional, epistemological, and scale-related boundaries
关键词：environment–behavior transactions; resilience; social capital; social ecology
